The accounting function has had sole responsibility for processing the bulk of a company’s transactions for many years. Chief among these transactions have been the processing of customer billings and supplier invoices. Though these two areas comprise the bulk of the transactions, there has also been a long history of delegating asset tracking to the accounting function. This involves all transactions related to the movement of cash, prepaid assets, inventory, and fixed assets. Finally, the accounting staff has been responsible for tracking debt, which can involve a continuous tracking of debt levels by debt instrument, as well as the payments made to reduce them.
A multitude of changes in the business environment have altered the role of the accounting function. One change has been the appearance of the information technology function. In a larger company, this function is managed within its own department and does not fall under the responsibility of the controller. However, it is common for the information technology group to fall under the management umbrella of the controller in a smaller company. Likewise, the internal auditing function frequently falls under the controller’s area as well. This function has expanded in importance over the last few decades as companies realize the benefits of having an internal watchdog over key controls. Though it should report directly to the board of directors or the chief financial officer (CFO), it is common for a small internal auditing staff to report instead to the controller.
Besides adding new functional areas, the accounting staff has other new responsibilities that have arisen due to the increased level of competition. With worldwide barriers to competition crumbling, every company feels the pinch of lower competitive prices and now asks the accounting staff to provide analysis work in addition to the traditional transaction processing. These tasks include margin analysis on existing or projected product lines, geographic sales regions, or individual products.
Targeted Financial Analysis
One of the controller’s key tasks is proactively analyzing company issues and recommending changes. In one case, a new controller solved a company’s low-profitability problems by preparing a one-page grid showing the sales volume and profitability of every customer. The president promptly dropped most of the customers having low volume and low margins, resulting in the company deliberately losing 1/3 of its customers—and raising its profitability.
Also, different organizational structures complicate the job of the controller. For example, there may be a number of subsidiaries that were created specifically to reduce the taxes on newly acquired businesses, or to take advantage of tax rates in different government jurisdictions. These situations greatly complicate the accounting work of the accounting staff, particularly in regard to consolidating the results of the various entities.
There are also continuing changes to the various accounting frameworks, such as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or international financial reporting standards (IFRS), which require considerably more complicated accounting for some situations. For example, the controller may be called on to capitalize the interest expense associated with a fixed asset under construction, or to accrue a liability for an asset retirement obligation.
In addition, the accounting staff may even be asked to serve on new product design teams, so that they can determine the projected cost of new products, especially in relation to target costs. Further, the accounting staff must continuously review and report on nonproduct costs, which can range from advertising to utilities. This level of cost review and reporting calls for highly trained cost accountants and financial analysts, almost always with college degrees and professional certifications, to conduct the work.
The world of business has become more international. Many companies are doing an increasing volume of business with companies based in other countries. This greatly increases the complexity of accounting, for a company must now determine gains and losses on sales to other countries. In addition, if there is no separate finance function, the accounting staff may be called on to handle letters of credit and hedging transactions that are designed to reduce the level of risk that goes with foreign exchange dealings.
In the face of more intensive competition, many companies are also merging or acquiring subsidiaries. This adds a great deal of complexity to the accounting staff’s work, for it must now coordinate a multitude of additional tasks in other locations. This includes setting up standard procedures for the processing of receipts, shipments, and cash. Also, closing the financial books at the end of each reporting period becomes much more complex, as the accounting staff must now coordinate the assembly and consolidation of information from multiple subsidiaries. Even if a company decides to consolidate all of its accounting facilities into one central processing location to avoid all this trouble, it still requires the management expertise to bring together the disparate accounting systems into a smoothly operating facility. This is not an easy task. The environment of mergers and acquisitions greatly increases the skill needed by the accounting staff.
The tasks of the accounting function are itemized below. The tasks that belong elsewhere—but are commonly given to the accounting staff in a small company—are noted under a separate heading.
- Traditional accounting tasks
- Accounts payable transaction processing
- Accounts receivable transaction processing
- Asset transaction processing
- Debt transaction processing
- New accounting tasks
- Coordination and consolidation of accounting at subsidiaries
- Currency translations
- Margin analysis
- Nonproduct cost analysis
- Selection, implementation, and operation of accounting software and related systems
- Target costing
- New tasks assigned to the accounting function of smaller companies
- Information technology systems installation and maintenance
- Hedging, foreign exchange, and letter of credit transactions
- Internal auditing programs
Given today’s highly volatile and ever-changing business environment, the only safe statement to make about the new activities presented in this section is that they will only become more complex, requiring even greater levels of skill by the accounting staff and its management team.