The Ethical Journalist

Making Responsible Decisions in the Pursuit of News

Gene Foreman

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2011
• ISBN:
  9781444359640
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Lingue e linguistica
• Subtopic: Giornalismo

The Ethical Journalist gives aspiring journalists the tools they need to make responsible professional decisions.

• Provides a foundation in applied ethics in journalism
• Examines the subject areas where ethical questions most frequently arise in modern practice
• Incorporates the views of distinguished print, broadcast and online journalists, exploring such critical issues as race, sex, and the digitalization of news sources
• Illustrated with 24 real-life case studies that demonstrate how to think in 'shades of gray' rather than 'black and white'
• Includes questions for class discussion and guides for putting important ethical concepts to use in the real world
• Accompanying website includes model course schedules, discussion guides, PowerPoint slides, sample quiz and exam questions and links to additional readings online: www.wiley.com/go/foreman

Part I

A Foundation for Making Ethical Decisions

This part of the book will prepare you to make ethical decisions in journalism.

Chapter 1 explains why journalists should understand ethics and apply ethical principles in their decision-making.

Chapter 2 explores the history of ethics and the way that members of society develop their ethical values.

Chapters 3, 4, and 5 discuss journalism’s role in society, the shared values of the profession, and the often tenuous relationship of journalism and the public.

Chapters 6, 7, and 8 lay the foundation for moral decision-making in journalism, which is the goal of this course in applied ethics. Chapter 6 discusses classic ethical theories; Chapter 7, codes of ethics; and Chapter 8, the decision process.

1

Why Ethics Matters in Journalism

Our society needs news professionals who do the right thing

Learning Goals

This chapter will help you understand:

• the importance of ethics in a journalist’s everyday work;

• two reasons that journalists should be ethical – one moral, one practical;

• why journalists should adhere voluntarily to high standards of conduct;

• how the journalism profession has matured in recent decades;

• that the purpose of this book, and your college course, is to help you make ethically sound decisions;

• that discussing the case studies in class is crucial to learning the decision-making process;

• that the historical ethics standards of the journalism profession apply across all media platforms; and

• that ethical journalism and vigorous journalism are compatible.

Lovelle Svart, a 62-year-old woman with short, sandy hair, faced the video camera and calmly talked about dying. “This is my medication,” she said, holding an orange bottle of clear liquid. “Everyone has told me … I look better than I did ten years ago, but inside, I hurt like nobody’s business.” On that afternoon of September 28, 2007, after she had danced the polka one last time and said her goodbyes to family and close friends, the contents of the orange bottle quietly killed her.¹

Svart’s death came three months after her doctor informed her she would die of lung cancer within six months. The former research librarian disclosed the grim prognosis to a reporter friend at The Oregonian in Portland, the newspaper where she had worked. She said she had decided to avail herself of Oregon’s assisted-suicide law. Svart also said she wanted to talk to people frankly about death and dying, hoping she could help them come to grips with the subject themselves. Out of that conversation grew an extraordinary mutual decision: On its website and in print, The Oregonian would chronicle Lovelle Svart’s final months on earth.

Figure 1.1 Lovelle Svart faces the camera during one of her “Living to the End” video diaries on The Oregonian’s website PHOTO BY ROB FINCH. REPRINTED BY PERMISSION OF THE OREGONIAN

In her series of tasteful “video diaries” (see Figure 1.1), she talked about living with a fatal disease and about her dwindling reservoir of time. In response, hundreds of people messaged her on the website, addressing her as if they were old friends.

But before Svart taped her diaries, journalists at The Oregonian talked earnestly about what they were considering. Most of all, they asked themselves questions about ethics.

The threshold question was whether their actions might influence what Svart did. Would she feel free to change her mind? After all the attention, would she feel obligated to go ahead and take the lethal dose? On this topic, they were comforted by their relationship to this story subject. Familiarity was reassuring, although in the abstract they would prefer to be reporting on someone who had never been involved with the paper. In 20 years of working with her, they knew Svart was strong-willed; nobody would tell her what to do. Even so, the journalists constantly reminded her that whatever she decided would be fine with them. Michael Arrieta-Walden, a project leader, personally sat down with her and made that clear. The story would be about death and dying, not about Svart’s assisted suicide.

Would the video diaries make a statement in favor of the controversial state law? No, they decided. The debate was over; the law had been enacted and it had passed court tests. Irrespective of how they and members of the audience felt about assisted suicide, they would just be showing how the law actually worked – a journalistic purpose. They posted links to stories that they had done earlier reflecting different points of view about the law itself. Other links guided readers to organizations that supported people in time of grief.

In debates among themselves and in teleconferences with an ethicist, they raised countless other questions and tried to arrive at answers that met the test of their collective conscience. For example, a question that caused much soul-searching was what to do if Svart collapsed while they were alone with her. It was a fact that she had posted “do not resuscitate” signs in her bedroom and always carried a document stating her wishes. Still, this possibility made them very uncomfortable – they were journalists, not doctors. Finally they resolved that if they were alone with her in her bedroom and she lost consciousness, they would pull the emergency cord and let medical personnel handle the situation. As Svart’s health declined, they made another decision: They would not go alone with her outside the assisted-living center where she lived. From then on, if they accompanied her outside, there would also be another person along, someone who clearly had the duty of looking out for Svart’s interests.²

The self-questioning in the Oregonian newsroom illustrates ethics awareness in contemporary journalism. “Twenty years ago, an ethical question might come up when someone walked into the editor’s office at the last minute,” said Sandra Rowe, editor of The Oregonian. “We’ve gone through a culture change. Now an ethical question comes up once or twice a week at our daily news meeting, where everyone can join the discussion. We are confident we can reach a sound decision if everyone has a say.”³

Although lapses surely occur – and this book will detail numerous examples, as well as some disturbing trends – journalism has matured ethically in recent decades. Most journalists see theirs as a noble profession serving the public interest. They want to behave ethically.

Two Powerful Incentives for Ethical Behavior

Why should journalists practice sound ethics? If you ask that question in a crowd of journalists, you would probably get as many answers as there are people in the room. But while the answers may vary, their essence can be distilled into two broad categories. One, logically enough, is moral; the other could be called practical.

• The moral incentive: Journalists should be ethical because they, like most other human beings, want to see themselves as decent and honest. It is natural to crave self-esteem, not to mention the respect of others. There is a psychic reward in knowing that you have tried to do the right thing. As much as they like getting a good story, journalists don’t want to be known for having exploited someone in the process.

• The practical incentive: In the long term, ethical journalism promotes the news organization’s credibility and thus its acceptance by the public. This translates into commercial success. What journalists have to sell is the news – and if the public does not believe their reporting, they have nothing to sell. Consumers of the news are more likely to believe journalists’ reporting if they see the journalists as ethical in the way they treat the public and the subjects of news coverage. Just as a wise consumer would choose a product with a trusted brand name over a no-name alternative when seeking quality, journalists hope that consumers will choose their news organization because it behaves responsibly. Thus ethical journalism can also be a profitable journalism that provides a livelihood for the journalists and their families, along with a financial return for the investors in the newspaper, broadcast station, or online news organization.

The Case for Voluntary Ethics Standards

There are also practical arguments for ethical behavior that flow from journalism’s special role in American life.

The First Amendment guarantee of a free press means that unlike other professionals, such as those in medicine and the law, journalists are not regulated by the state and are not subject to an enforceable ethics code. And that is a good thing, of course. The First Amendment insulates journalists from retribution from office holders who want to control the flow of information to the public and who often resent the way they are covered in the media. If a state board licensed journalists, it is a safe bet that some members of the board would abuse their power to rid themselves of journalists who offend them. The public would be the loser if journalists could be expelled from the profession by adversaries in government.

But there is a downside to press freedom: Anybody, no matter how unqualified or unscrupulous, can become a journalist. It is a tolerable downside, given the immense benefit of an independent news media, but bad journalists taint the reputation of everyone in the profession. Because they are not subject to an enforceable code, honest journalists have an individual obligation to be responsible and to adhere voluntarily to high standards of professional conduct. Ethical journalists do not use the Constitution’s protection to be socially destructive.

Yet another argument for sound ethics is the dual nature of a news organization. Journalism serves the public by providing reliable information that people need to make governing decisions about their community, state and nation. This...