2. The liver is a large organ situated in the upper region of the abdominal cavity. It is an accessory organ of the digestive system and has many functions, including which one of the following?
(a) Clotting factor production
(b) Erythrocyte production
(c) Insulin production
(d) Leucocyte production
(e) Pepsin production
3. During respiration, the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs alters during the process of gaseous exchange. Which one of the following represents the approximate amount of carbon dioxide present in expired air?
(a) 4%
(b) 8%
(c) 12%
(d) 16%
(e) 20%
4. Food is moved through various sections of the digestive tract by the involuntary action of its smooth muscle walls. These act rhythmically to create a wave-like movement along the gut that carries the food mass along. Which one of the following is the correct term for this movement?
(a) Deglutition
(b) Digestion
(c) Dysphagia
(d) Mastication
(e) Peristalsis
5. The function of the lungs is to allow the uptake of oxygen from air into the blood, and the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood to the air. Which one of the following is the anatomical structure where this gaseous exchange process occurs?
(a) Alveoli
(b) Aorta
(c) Bronchiole
(d) Pulmonary artery
(e) Trachea
6. The three main types of blood vessel found throughout the body are arteries, capillaries and veins. An anatomical feature found specifically in larger veins prevents the backflow of blood. Which one of the following is this feature?
(a) Muscular walls
(b) Rich blood supply
(c) Thick elastic layer
(d) Thin endothelium
(e) Valves
7. A new patient attends the surgery for a routine dental examination. On completion of her medical history form it is noted that she is taking salbutamol. Which one of the following conditions is the patient most likely to have?
(a) Angina
(b) Asthma
(c) Diabetes
(d) Epilepsy
(e) Fainting
8. A patient attending for an examination complains of a sore tongue, and the dentist diagnoses xerostomia. Which one of the following medications is most likely to be associated with this condition?
(a) Analgesic
(b) Antihistamine
(c) Bisphosphonate
(d) Diuretic
(e) Hormone replacement
9. During respiration, the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs alters during the process of gaseous exchange. Which one of the following represents the approximate amount of oxygen in expired air?
(a) 4%
(b) 8%
(c) 12%
(d) 16%
(e) 20%
10. A medication taken by a patient will eventually break down and be excreted. Which one of the following conditions is most likely to affect this detoxification process?
(a) Duodenal ulcer
(b) Gallstones
(c) Kidney stones
(d) Liver disease
(e) Ulcerative colitis
11. On completing a medical history form, a patient has disclosed that he suffers from ulcerative colitis and is taking long-term steroids for the condition. Which one of the following areas of the digestive system is most likely to be affected by this condition?
(a) Large intestine
(b) Liver
(c) Pancreas
(d) Small intestine
(e) Stomach
12. All body cells require oxygen in order to work and function. Which one of the following is the means by which it is transported from the lungs to the heart and then around the body?
(a) Erythrocytes
(b) Leucocytes
(c) Plasma
(d) Platelets
(e) Thrombocytes
13. During the act of swallowing, the bolus of food is moved from the mouth into the throat by the voluntary action of the tongue muscles. Once beyond the mouth, the bolus is prevented from being inhaled instead of swallowed by an anatomical structure that seals the trachea. Which one of the following is the structure referred to?
(a) Epiglottis
(b) Larynx
(c) Pharynx
(d) Tongue
(e) Vocal cords
14. Carbon dioxide is the waste product formed by cells as they work to produce energy. It is transported from the cells to the heart, and then to the lungs for removal from the body during expiration. Which one of the following is the means by which this is achieved?
(a) Erythrocytes
(b) Leucocytes
(c) Plasma
(d) Platelets
(e) Thrombocytes
15. On a medical history form a patient has disclosed that she has been diagnosed with type II diabetes and has been prescribed metformin. Which one of the following oral health problems may be caused by this condition?
(a) Angular cheilitis
(b) Aphthous ulcers
(c) Erosion
(d) Poor wound healing
(e) Stomatitis
16. Throughout the nervous system, nervous impulses are transmitted as electrical charges along specialised cells, the neurones. Which one of the following conditions is most likely to occur when electrical activity becomes suddenly disorganised?
(a) Grand mal
(b) Motor neurone disease
(c) Multiple sclerosis
(d) Myocardial infarction
(e) Stroke
17. A patient attends for root canal therapy and restoration of the upper right canine tooth following loss of vitality after a blow to the face. Which one of the following medical conditions must be ruled out before proceeding with the endodontic treatment?
(a) Asthma
(b) Bronchitis
(c) Eczema
(d) Latex allergy
(e) Penicillin allergy
18. Patients who have undergone surgery and have been incapacitated for a while are at risk of developing a deep vein thrombosis. Which one of the following blood vessels is most likely to become blocked if the thrombus becomes dislodged?
(a) Aorta
(b) Brachial artery
(c) Carotid artery
(d) Coronary artery
(e) Pulmonary artery
19. The nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. The peripheral nerves supplying the head and neck region are called the cranial nerves, and they consist of 12 pairs. Which one of the following pairs of cranial nerves is of most relevance to the inner structures of the oral cavity?
(a) III and V
(b) III and X
(c) IX and XII
(d) V and XII
(e) VII and IX
20. A patient attends the surgery for a routine dental examination, and updates her medical history form as requested. On checking the form, the dentist notices that the patient has stated that she has recently been diagnosed with cirrhosis. Which one of the following organs is most likely to be affected by this condition?
(a) Colon
(b) Gallbladder
(c) Liver
(d) Pancreas
(e) Stomach
21. The pancreas is an accessory organ of the digestive system and lies in the upper abdominal cavity near the stomach. It is essentially a glandular organ, and has many important functions including all except which one of the following options?
(a) Bile production
(b) Carbohydrate digestion
(c) Fat digestion
(...
