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Two Stories/Deux nouvelles
A Dual-Language Book
Stendhal, Stanley Appelbaum
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Two Stories/Deux nouvelles
A Dual-Language Book
Stendhal, Stanley Appelbaum
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About This Book
In writing these two ardently romantic and turbulent tales, Stendhal delved deep into old Italian narratives and into his own impassioned heart. “Vanina Vanini” and “L’abbesse de Castro” abound in the qualities for which the French author remains enduringly popular: his strong-willed, impulsive characters; his dry wit and keen irony; and the sweeping drama of his historical settings.
Originally published in the Revue de Paris in 1829, “Vanina Vanini” traces the fortunes of an aristocrat’s daughter who falls in love with a wounded soldier, and prefigures Stendhal’s superb novel, The Red and the Black, which appeared two years later. “L’abbesse de Castro,” published in 1839 under a pseudonym in the prestigious Revue des Deux Mondes, was reputedly derived from Roman and Florentine source manuscripts. Consisting chiefly of Stendhal’s own invention, it recounts the illicit liaison and subsequent trial of an abbess.
The only dual-language edition of these stories, this book features an informative introduction and ample footnotes, making it not only a pleasure to read but also a valuable learning and teaching aid for students and teachers of French literature.
Originally published in the Revue de Paris in 1829, “Vanina Vanini” traces the fortunes of an aristocrat’s daughter who falls in love with a wounded soldier, and prefigures Stendhal’s superb novel, The Red and the Black, which appeared two years later. “L’abbesse de Castro,” published in 1839 under a pseudonym in the prestigious Revue des Deux Mondes, was reputedly derived from Roman and Florentine source manuscripts. Consisting chiefly of Stendhal’s own invention, it recounts the illicit liaison and subsequent trial of an abbess.
The only dual-language edition of these stories, this book features an informative introduction and ample footnotes, making it not only a pleasure to read but also a valuable learning and teaching aid for students and teachers of French literature.
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FranzösischTHE ABBESS OF CASTRO
I
Stage melodramas have so often depicted sixteenth-century Italian brigands to us, and so many people have discussed them without knowing them, that we now have the most erroneous ideas about them. It may be said in general that those brigands were the political opposition to those horrible Italian governments which replaced the medieval republics. The new tyrant was usually the wealthiest citizen of the late republic and, to allure the populace, he would embellish the city with magnificent churches and beautiful paintings. Such families were the Polenta of Ravenna, the Manfredi of Faenza, the Riario of Imola, the Cangrande of Verona, the Bentivoglio of Bologna, the Visconti of Milan, and lastly, the least warlike and most hypocritical of all, the Medici of Florence. Among the historians of these small states, none dared to recount the innumerable poisonings and assassinations ordered by those fear-tormented petty tyrants; those grave historians were in their pay. Recall that each of those tyrants was personally acquainted with each of the republicans by whom he knew he was loathed (for example, Cosimo knew Strozzi),1 and that several of those tyrants were killed by assassins, and you will understand the deep-seated hatreds and eternal distrust that lent such spirit and courage to the Italians of the sixteenth century, and so much genius to their artists. You will find those profound passions hindering the birth of that rather ridiculous prejudice that was called âhonorâ in the days of Madame de SĂ©vignĂ©, and which consists primarily in sacrificing oneâs life to serve the master of oneâs native land, and to please the ladies. In the sixteenth century, a manâs activity and true merit couldnât be displayed in France and couldnât win admiration except through bravery on the battlefield or in duels; and, since women love bravery and especially boldness, they became the supreme judges of a manâs merit. It was then that the âspirit of gallantryâ arose, preparing the way for the gradual destruction of every passion, even love, for the benefit of that cruel tyrant we all obey: vanity. The kings fostered vanity and for excellent reasons: hence the sway of medals and decorations.
1. Cosimo I deâ Medici (1519â1574) and his opponent Filippo II Strozzi (1489â1538).
En Italie, un homme se distinguait par tous les genres de mĂ©rite, par les grands coups dâĂ©pĂ©e comme par les dĂ©couvertes dans les anciens manuscrits: voyez PĂ©trarque, lâidole de son temps; et une femme du XVIe siĂšcle aimait un homme savant en grec autant et plus quâelle nâeĂ»t aimĂ© un homme cĂ©lĂšbre par la bravoure militaire. Alors on vit des passions, et non pas lâhabitude de la galanterie. VoilĂ la grande diffĂ©rence entre lâItalie et la France, voilĂ pourquoi lâItalie a vu naĂźtre les RaphaĂ«l, les Giorgione, les Titien, les CorrĂšge, tandis que la France produisait tous ces braves capitaines du XVIe siĂšcle, si inconnus aujourdâhui et dont chacun avait tuĂ© un si grand nombre dâennemis.
Je demande pardon pour ces rudes vĂ©ritĂ©s. Quoi quâil en soit, les vengeances atroces et nĂ©cessaires des petits tyrans italiens du Moyen Age conciliĂšrent aux brigands le cĆur des peuples. On haĂŻssait les brigands quand ils volaient des chevaux, du blĂ©, de lâargent, en un mot, tout ce qui leur Ă©tait nĂ©cessaire pour vivre; mais au fond le cĆur des peuples Ă©tait pour eux; et les filles du village prĂ©fĂ©raient Ă tous les autres le jeune garçon qui, une fois dans la vie, avait Ă©tĂ© forcĂ© dâandar alla macchia, câest-Ă -dire de fuir dans les bois et de prendre refuge auprĂšs des brigands Ă la suite de quelque action trop imprudente.
De nos jours encore tout le monde assurĂ©ment redoute la rencontre des brigands; mais subissent-ils des chĂątiments, chacun les plaint. Câest que ce peuple si fin, si moqueur, qui rit de tous les Ă©crits publiĂ©s sous la censure de ses maĂźtres, fait sa lecture habituelle de petits poĂšmes qui racontent avec chaleur la vie des brigands les plus renommĂ©s. Ce quâil trouve dâhĂ©roĂŻque dans ces histoires ravit la fibre artiste qui vit toujours dans les basses classes, et dâailleurs, il est tellement las des louanges officielles donnĂ©es Ă certaines gens, que tout ce qui nâest pas officiel en ce genre va droit Ă son cĆur. Il faut savoir que le bas peuple, en Italie, souffre de certaines choses que le voyageur nâapercevrait jamais, vĂ©cĂ»t-il dix ans dans le pays. Par exemple, il y a quinze ans, avant que la sagesse des gouvernements nâeĂ»t supprimĂ© les brigandsa, il nâĂ©tait pas rare de voir certains de leurs exploits punir les iniquitĂ©s des gouverneus de petites villes. Ces gouverneurs, magistrats absolus dont la paye ne sâĂ©lĂšve pas Ă plus de vingt Ă©cus par mois, sont naturellement aux ordres de la famille la plus considĂ©rable du pays, qui, par ce moyen bien simple, opprime ses ennemis. Si les brigands ne rĂ©ussissaient pas toujours Ă punir ces petits gouverneurs despotes, du moins ils se moquaient dâeux et les bravaient, ce qui nâest pas peu de chose aux yeux de ce peuple spirituel. Un sonnet satirique le console de tous ses maux, et jamais il nâoublia une offense. VoilĂ une autre des diffĂ©rences capitales entre lâItalien et le Français.
a. Gasparone, le dernier brigand, traita avec le gouvernement en 1826; il est enfermĂ© dans la citadelle de Civita-Vecchia avec trente-deux de ses hommes. Ce fut le manque dâeau sur les sommets des Apennins, oĂč il sâĂ©tait rĂ©fugiĂ©, qui lâobligea Ă traiter. Câest un homme dâesprit, dâune figure assez avenante.
In Italy a man was distinguished by every kind of merit, by mighty sword strokes or by discoveries made in ancient manuscripts: take Petrarch, the idol of his day; and a sixteenth-century woman loved a scholar of Greek as much as, or more than, she might love a man famous for martial bravery. At that time you could observe passions, not merely habitual gallantry. That is the great difference between Italy and France; that is why Italy witnessed the birth of men like Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, and Correggio, while France was turning out all those brave sixteenth-century captains, so unknown today, each of whom had slain so great a number of enemies.
I ask forgiveness for these plain truths. However that may be, the atrocious but necessary acts of vengeance on the part of the petty medieval tyrants of Italy made the brigands gain the common peopleâs affections. Brigands were hated when they stole horses, wheat, or moneyâin a word, anything the people needed to stay aliveâbut basically the peopleâs heart was with them; and the village girls preferred before all others the young lad who, once in his life, had been compelled to andar alla macchia; that is, to flee to the woods and take refuge with brigands as a result of some action that was overly imprudent.
Even in our days everyone surely dreads an encounter with brigands; but if theyâre punished, everyone pities them. This is because these common folk, so subtle, so given to mockery, who laugh at all the writings published with the approval of their mastersâ censors, normally read short poems which vigorously narrate the life of the most famous brigands. The heroic stuff they find in these stories delights the artistic vein still alive among the âlower classes,â and, besides, theyâre so weary of the official praise bestowed on certain individuals that whatever is not official in such matters speaks directly to their heart. You should know that the common folk in Italy suffer from certain things which a traveler would never notice even if he lived in the country for ten years. For example, fifteen years ago, before the wisdom of the rulers had done away with banditry,b it wasnât unusual to find that some of their exploits punished the iniquities of the mayors of small towns. These mayors, absolute magistrates whose salary is no higher than sixty francs a month, are naturally at the beck and call of the wealthiest family in the area, who oppress their enemies by this very simple means. If the brigands didnât always succeed in punishing these little despotic mayors, at least they ridiculed and defied them, which is no small feat in the eyes of that witty nation. A satirical sonnet consoles them for all their woes, and they have never forgotten an offense. That is another major difference between the Italians and the French.
b. [Footnote in the original text:] Gasparone, the last brigand, negotiated with the government in 1826; he is imprisoned in the citadel of Civitavecchia with thirty-two of his men. It was the lack of water on the peaks of the Apennines, where he had taken refuge, that compelled him to make a deal. Heâs an intelligent man, of a quite pleasing appearance. [A famous 1884 operetta was named after him; the composer was Karl Millöcker (1842â1899); the locale, Sicily; the time, ca. 1820.]
Au XVIe siĂšcle, le gouverneur dâun bourg avait-il condamnĂ© Ă mort un pauvre habitant en butte Ă la haine de la famille prĂ©pondĂ©rante, souvent on voyait les brigands attaquer la prison et essayer de dĂ©livrer lâopprimĂ©. De son cĂŽtĂ©, la famille puissante, ne se fiant pas trop aux huit ou dix soldats du gouvernement chargĂ©s de garder la prison, levait Ă ses frais une troupe de soldats temporaires. Ceux-ci, quâon appelait des bravi, bivouaquaient dans les alentours de la prison, et se chargeaient dâescorter jusquâau lieu du supplice le pauvre diable dont la mort avait Ă©tĂ© achetĂ©e. Si cette famille puissante comptait un jeune homme dans son sein, il se mettait Ă la tĂȘte de ces soldats improvisĂ©s. Cet Ă©tat de la civilisation fait gĂ©mir la morale, jâen conviens; de nos jours on a le duel, lâennui, et les juges ne se vendent pas; mais ces usages du XVIe siĂšcle Ă©taient merveilleusement propres Ă crĂ©er des hommes dignes de ce nom.
Beaucoup dâhistoriens, louĂ©s encore aujourdâhui par la littĂ©rature routiniĂšre des acadĂ©mies, ont cherchĂ© Ă dissimuler cet Ă©tat de choses, qui, vers 1550, forma de si grands caractĂšres. De leur temps, leurs prudents mensonges furent rĂ©compensĂ©s par tous les honneurs dont pouvaient disposer les MĂ©dicis de Florence, les dâEste de Ferrare, les vice-rois de Naples, etc. Un pauvre historien, nommĂ© Giannone, a voulu soulever un coin du voile; mais, comme il nâa osĂ© dire quâune trĂšs petite partie de la vĂ©ritĂ©, et encore en employant des formes dubitatives et obscures, il est restĂ© fort ennuyeux, ce qui ne lâa pas empĂȘchĂ© de mourir en prison Ă quatre-vingt-deux ans, le 7 mars 1758.
La premiĂšre chose Ă faire, lorsque lâon veut connaĂźtre lâhistoire dâItalie, câest donc de ne point lire les auteurs gĂ©nĂ©ralement approuvĂ©s; nulle part on nâa mieux connu le prix du mensonge, nulle part, il ne fut mieux payĂ©c.
c. Paul Jove, Ă©vĂȘque de CĂŽme, lâArĂ©tin et cent autres moins amusants, et que lâennui quâils distribuent a sauvĂ©s de lâinfamie, Robertson, Roscoe, sont remplis de mensonges. Guichardin se vendit Ă CĂŽme Ier, qui se moqua de lui. De nos jours, Colletta et Pignotti ont dit la vĂ©ritĂ©, ce dernier avec la peur constante dâĂȘtre destituĂ©, quoique ne voulant ĂȘtre imprimĂ© quâaprĂšs sa mort.
In the sixteenth century, if the mayor of a market town had sentenced to death a poor resident who was the prey of the leading familyâs hatred, frequently brigands were seen attacking the prison and trying to free the downtrodden man. For their part, the powerful family, not trusting overly in the eight or ten government soldiers responsible for guarding the prison, would levy a troop of temporary soldiers at their own expense. These men, called bravi, camped in the neighborhood of the prison and were responsible for escorting to his place of execution the poor devil whose death had been purchased. If that powerful family included a young man, he would place himself in command of those improvised soldiers. This state of civilization makes morality groan, I admit; in our day we have duels and boredom and judges canât be bought; but those sixteenth-century customs were excellently suited to producing men worthy of the name.
Many historians, still praised today by routine academic writers, have tried to disguise that state of affairs, which, around 1550, shaped such great natures. In their day, their prudent lies were rewarded by every honor at the disposal of the Medici of Florence, the Este of Ferrara, the viceroys of Naples, etc. A poor historian named Giannone2 attempted to raise one corner of the veil; but since he dared to tell only a very small part of the truth, and, moreover, using ambiguous and obscure terms, he remained a great bore, which didnât prevent him from dying in prison at eighty-two, on March 7, 1758.
The first thing to do, therefore, if you want to know the history of Italy, is not to read the generally approved authors; nowhere else has the value of lying been better known, nowhere else has it been better paid for.d
2. Pietro Giannone (his actual dates were 1676â1748).
d. Paolo Giovio, bishop of Como [1483â1552], [Pietro] Aretino [1492â1536], and a hundred other less amusing writers who have been saved from infamy by the boredom they dispense, [William] Robertson [1721â1793], [William] Roscoe [1753â1831], are full of lies. [Francesco] Guicciardini [1483â1540] sold himself to Cosimo I [deâ Medici], who laughed at him. In our time, [Pietro] Colletta [1775â1831] and [Lorenzo] Pignotti [1739â1812] have told the truth, Pignotti despite his constant fear of being discharged, even though he didnât want his work printed until after his death.
Les premiĂšres histoires quâon ait Ă©crites en Italie, aprĂšs la grande barbarie du IXe siĂšcle, font dĂ©jĂ mention des brigands, et en parlent comme sâils eussent existĂ© de temps immĂ©morial. Voyez le recueil de Muratori. Lorsque, par malheur pour la fĂ©licitĂ© publique, pour la justice, pour le bon gouvernement, mais par bonheur pour les arts, les rĂ©publiques du Moyen Age furent opprimĂ©es, les rĂ©publicains les plus Ă©nergiques, ceux qui aimaient la libertĂ© plus que la majoritĂ© de leurs concitoyens, se rĂ©fugiĂšrent dans les bois. Naturellement le peuple vexĂ© par les Baglioni, par les Malatesti, par les Bentivoglio, par les MĂ©dicis, etc., aimait et respectait leurs ennemis. Les cruautĂ©s des petits tyrans qui succĂ©dĂšrent aux premiers usurpateurs, par exemple, les cruautĂ©s de CĂŽme, premier grand-duc de Florence, qui faisait assassiner les rĂ©publicains rĂ©fugiĂ©s jusque dans Venise, jusque dans Paris, envoyĂšrent des recrues Ă ces brigands. Pour ne parler que des temps voisins de ceux oĂč vĂ©cut notre hĂ©roĂŻne, vers lâan 1550, Alphonse Piccolomini, duc de Monte Mariano, et Marco Sciarra dirigĂšrent avec succĂšs des bandes armĂ©es qui, dans les environs dâAlbano, bravaient les soldats du pape alors fort braves. La ligne dâopĂ©ration de ces fameux chefs que le peuple admire encore sâĂ©tendait depuis le PĂŽ et les marais de Ravenne jusquâaux bois qui alors couvraient le VĂ©suve. La forĂȘt de la Faggiola, si cĂ©lĂšbre par leurs exploits, situĂ©e Ă cinq lieues de Rome, sur la route de Naples, Ă©tait le quartier gĂ©nĂ©ral de Sciarra, qui, sous le pontificat de GrĂ©goire XIII, rĂ©unit quelquefois plusieurs milliers de soldats. Lâhistoire dĂ©taillĂ©e de cet illustre brigand serait incroyable aux yeux de la gĂ©nĂ©ration prĂ©sente, en ce sens que jamais on ne voudrait comprendre les motifs de ses actes. Il ne fut vaincu quâen 1592. Lorsquâil vit ses affaires dans un Ă©tat dĂ©sespĂ©rĂ©, il traita avec la rĂ©publique de Venise et passa Ă son service avec ses soldats les plus dĂ©vouĂ©s ou les plus coupables, comme on voudra. Sur les rĂ©clamations du gouvernement romain, Venise, qui avait signĂ© un traitĂ© avec Sciarra, le fit assassiner, et envoya ses braves soldats dĂ©fendre lâĂźle de Candie contre les Turcs. Mais la sagesse vĂ©nitienne savait bien quâune peste meurtriĂšre rĂ©gnait Ă Candie, et en quelques jours les cinq cents soldats que Sciarra avait amenĂ©s au service de la rĂ©publique furent rĂ©duits Ă soixante-sept.
The first histories written in Italy, after the great barbaric period in the ninth century, already make mention of brigands, and speak of them as if they had existed from time immemorial. See, for instance, Muratoriâs collectio...