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Facts are Subversive
Political Writing from a Decade without a Name
Timothy Garton Ash
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eBook - ePub
Facts are Subversive
Political Writing from a Decade without a Name
Timothy Garton Ash
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About This Book
For more than thirty years, Timothy Garton Ash has traveled among truth tellers and political charlatans to record, with scalpel-sharp precision, what he has found. Facts are Subversive, which collects his writings since the millennium, addresses some of the crucial questions of our time: what happens to people who have endured long dictatorships when they try to found a democratic state? How can freedom from tyranny be won? How are free expression, equality before the law and equal rights for men and women sustained in a society of different faiths and ethnicities?
This is history of the present on a scale by turns panoramic and human: urgent, exhilarating and necessary.
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Topic
StoriaSubtopic
Storia mondialeContents
Map
Preface
1. Velvet Revolutions, continued . . .
The Strange Toppling of Slobodan MiloĹĄeviÄ
âThe country summoned meâ
Orange Revolution in Ukraine
The Revolution That Wasnât
1968 and 1989
2. Europe and Other Headaches
Ghosts in the Machine
Is Britain European?
Are There Moral Foundations of European Power?
The Twinsâ New Poland
Exchange of Empires
Why Britain is in Europe
Europeâs New Story
National Anthems
âO Chink, where is thy Wall?â
The Perfect EU Member
3. Islam, Terror and Freedom
Is There a Good Terrorist?
La Alhambra
Islam in Europe
The Invisible Front Line
Against Taboos
Respect?
Secularism or Atheism?
No Ifs and No Buts
4. USA! USA!
Mr President
9/11
Anti-Europeanism in America
In Defence of the Fence
Zorba the Bush
The Worldâs Election
Warsaw, Missouri
Dancing with History
Liberalism
5. Beyond the West
Beauty and the Beast in Burma
Soldiers of the Hidden Imam
East Meets West
The Brotherhood against Pharaoh
Cities of No God
Beyond Race
6. Writers and Facts
The Brown Grass of Memory
The Stasi on Our Minds
Orwell in Our Time
Orwellâs List
Is âBritish Intellectualâ an Oxymoron?
âIch bin ein Berlinerâ
The Literature of Fact
7. Envoi
Elephant, Feet of Clay
Decivilization
The Mice in the Organ
Notes
Acknowledgements
Index
Preface
Facts are subversive. Subversive of the claims made by democratically elected leaders as well as dictators, by biographers and autobiographers, spies and heroes, torturers and post-modernists. Subversive of lies, half-truths, myths; of all those âeasy speeches that comfort cruel menâ.
If we had known the facts about Saddam Husseinâs supposed weapons of mass destruction, or merely how thin the intelligence on them was, the British Parliament might not have voted to go to war in Iraq. Even the United States might have hesitated. The history of this decade could have been different. According to the official record of a top-level meeting with the prime minister at 10 Downing Street on 23 July 2002, the head of Britainâs secret intelligence service, identified only by his traditional moniker âCâ, summarized âhis recent talks in Washingtonâ thus: âBush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and facts were being fixed around the policy.â The facts were being fixed.
The first job of the historian and of the journalist is to find facts. Not the only job, perhaps not the most important, but the first. Facts are the cobblestones from which we build roads of analysis, mosaic tiles that we fit together to compose pictures of past and present. There will be disagreement about where the road leads and what reality or truth is revealed by the mosaic picture. The facts themselves must be checked against all the available evidence. But some are round and hard â and the most powerful leaders in the world can trip over them. So can writers, dissidents and saints.
There have been worse times for facts. In the 1930s, faced with a massive totalitarian apparatus of organized lying, an individual German or Russian had fewer alternative sources of information than todayâs Chinese or Iranian, with access to a computer and mobile phone. Farther back, even bigger lies were told and apparently believed. After the death in 1651 of the founding spiritual-political leader of Bhutan, his ministers pretended for no less than fifty-four years that the great Shabdrung was still alive, though on a silent retreat, and went on issuing orders in his name.
In our time, the sources of fact-fixing are mainly to be found at the frontier between politics and the media. Politicians have developed increasingly sophisticated methods to impose a dominant narrative through the media. In the work of spinmasters in London and Washington, and even more in that of Russiaâs âpolitical technologistsâ, the line between reality and virtual reality is systematically blurred. If enough of the people believe it enough of the time, you will stay in power. What else matters?
Simultaneously, the media are being transformed by new technologies of information and communications, and their commercial consequences. I work both in universities and in newspapers. In ten yearsâ time, universities will still be universities. Who knows what newspapers will be? For fact-seekers, this brings both risks and opportunities.
âComment is free, but facts are sacredâ is the most famous line of a legendary Guardian editor, C. P. Scott. In the news business today, that is varied to âComment is free, but facts are expensiveâ. As the economics of newsgathering change, new revenue models are found for many areas of journalism â sports, business, entertainment, special interests of all kinds â but editors are still trying to work out how to sustain the expensive business of reporting foreign news and doing serious investigative journalism. In the meantime, the foreign bureaus of well-known newspapers are closing like office lights being switched off on a janitorâs night round.
On the bright side, video cameras, satellite as well as mobile phones, voice recorders and document scanners, combined with the technical ease of uploading their output to the world wide web, create new possibilities for recording, sharing and debating current history â not to mention archiving it for posterity. Imagine that we had digital video footage of the Battle of Austerlitz; a YouTube clip of Charles I being beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall (âhe nothing common did or mean / upon that memorable sceneâ ... or did he?); mobile phone snaps of Abraham Lincoln delivering the Gettysburg Address; and, best of all, an audiovisual sampler of the lives of those so-called âordinaryâ people that history so often forgets. (Still almost entirely lost to history is the smell of different places and times, although that is a salient part of the experience when you are there.)
In Burma, one of the most closed and repressive states on earth, the peaceful protests of 2007, led by Buddhist monks, were revealed to the world through photos taken on mobile phones, texted to friends and uploaded to the web. American politicians can no longer get away with saying outrageous things on remote campaign platforms. As the Republican senator George Allen found to his cost, a single video clip posted on YouTube may terminate your presidential aspirations. (The clip showed him dismissing a coloured activist from a rival party as a âmacaccaâ, hence the phrase âmacacca momentâ.) In the past, it took decades, if not centuries, before secret documents were revealed. Today, many can be found in facsimile on the world wide web within days, along with court and parliamentary hearings, transcripts of witness testimony, the original police report on the arrest of a drunken Mel Gibson, with the actorâs anti-semitic outburst documented in a Californian policemanâs laboured hand â and millions more.
Quantity is not always matched by quality. Behind the recording apparatus there is still an individual human being, pointing it this way or that. A cameraâs viewpoint also expresses a point of view. Visual lying has become childâs play, now that any digital photo can be falsified at the tap of a keyboard, with a refinement of which Stalinist airbrushers could only dream. As we trawl the web, we have to be careful that what looks like a fact does not turn out to be a factoid. Distinguishing fact from factoid becomes more difficult when â as those foreign bureaus close down â you donât have a trained reporter on the spot, checking out the story by well-tried methods. Yet, taken all in all, these are promising times for capturing the history of the present.
âHistory of the presentâ is a term coined by George Kennan to describe the mongrel craft that I have practised for thirty years, combining scholarship and journalism. Thus, for example, producing the essays in analytical reportage that form a significant part of this book is typically a three-stage process. In the initial research stage, I draw on the resources of two wonderful universities, Oxford and Stanford: their extraordinary libraries, specialists in every field, and students from every corner of the globe. So before I go anywhere, I have a sheaf of notes, annotated materials and introductions.
In a second stage, I travel to the place I wish to write about, be it Iran under the ayatollahs, Burma to meet Aung San Suu Kyi, Macedonia on the brink of civil war, Serbia for the fall of Slobodan MiloĹĄeviÄ, Ukraine during the Orange Revolution, or the breakaway para-state of Transnistria. For all the new technologies of record, there is still nothing to compare with being there. Usually I give a lecture or two, and learn from meetings with academic colleagues and students, but for much of the time I work very much like a reporter, observing and talking to all kinds of people from early morning to late at night. âReporterâ, sometimes deemed to be the lowest form of journalistic life, seems to me in truth the highest. It is a badge I would wear with pride.
To be there â in the very place, at the very time, with your notebook open â is an unattainable dream for most historians. If only the historian could be a reporter from the distant past. Imagine being able to see, hear, touch and smell things as they were in Paris in July 1789. If I have an advantage over the regular newspaper correspondents, whose work I greatly admire, it is that I may have more time to gather evidence on just one story or question. (Long-form magazine writers enjoy the same luxury.) In Serbia, for example, I was able to cross-examine numerous witnesses of the fall of MiloĹĄeviÄ, starting within a few hours of the denouement. During the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, I was a witness to the drama as it unfolded.
The final stage is reflection and writing, back in my Oxford or Stanford study: emotion recollected in tranquillity. I also discuss and refine my findings at the seminar table, and in exchanges with colleagues. Ideally, this whole process is iterative, with the cycle of research, reporting and reflection repeated several times. I have written more about this mongrel craft in the introduction to my last collection of essays, which was called History of the Present, and â in this volume â in an essay on âThe Literature of Factâ.
Most of the longer pieces of analytical reportage that you find between these covers appeared first in the New York Review of Books, as did the review essays on writers such as GĂźnter Grass, George Orwell and Isaiah Berlin. Several chapters began life as lectures, including my investigations of Britainâs convoluted relationship to Europe and of the (real or alleged) moral foundations of European power. Most of the shorter pieces were originally columns in the Guardian. I conceive these mini-essays as an English version of the journalistic genre known in central Europe as a feuilleton: a discursive, personal exploration of a theme, often light-spirited and spun around a single detail, like the piece of grit that turns oyster to pearl. Or so the feuilletonist fondly hopes.
Many of my regular weekly commentaries in the Guardian, by contrast, look to the future, urging readers, governments or international organizations to do something, or, especially in the case of governments, not to do something bad or stupid that they are currently doing or proposing to do. âWe must ...â or âthey must not ...â cry these columns, usually to no effect. Such op-ed pieces have their place, but suffer from built-in obsolescence. They are not reprinted here. Prediction and prescription are both recipes for the dustbin. Description and analysis may last a little longer.
Throughout, I argue from and for a position that I believe can accurately be described as liberal. Particularly in the United States, what is meant by that much abused word requires spelling out (see âLiberalismâ). I write as a European who thinks that the European Union is the worst possible Europe â apart from all the other Europes that have been tried from time to time. And I write as an Englishman with a deep if often frustrated affection for our curious, mixed-up country, at once England and Britain.
The heart of my work remains in Europe. In this decade, however, I have gone beyond Europe to report from and analyse other parts of what we used to call the West, and especially the United States, where I now spend three months every year. And I have gone beyond the West, especially to some corners of what we too sweepingly call âAsiaâ and âthe Muslim worldâ. (The endpaper map plots essays on to places, taking some artistic licence around the edges.)
The bigg...