Free Thoughts on Religion, the Church, and National Happiness

Bernard Mandeville

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN:
  9781138510159
• eBook ISBN:
  9781351326629
• Topic: Philosophy
• Subtopic: Philosophy History & Theory

Bernard Mandeville was best known for The Fable of the Bees, in which he demolishes the supposed moral basis of society by a Hobbesian demonstration that civilization depends on vice. Today Mandeville is seen as a trenchant satirist of the manners and foibles of his age. He is also seen as a precursor of some of Adam Smith's doctrines, a forerunner in the field of sociology. A prescient analyst of the dynamics of our modern consumer society, Mandeville is author of a striking naturalistic account of the gradual evolution of modern society from its primitive antecedents. His literary signature, in a manner of speaking, is his famous paradox, "private vices, public benefits."

This new edition of Free Thoughts is prefaced by a lengthy and informative introduction by Irwin Primer, who recreates not only the literary, political, and religious atmosphere surrounding Mandeville, but also the controversies that surrounded his writing in mid-eighteenth-century England. Primer includes textual notes on the first and second editions of this classic work. To understand Mandeville's Free Thoughts, one needs to situate it within the context of the religious and political controversies, ongoing subversion, fear and dormant warfare of his times. Those would eventually erupt again and for the last time in the bloody Jacobite rebellion of 1745-46.

The first five chapters of the book explore religious and theological issues including the nature of belief and knowledge, the significance of rites and ceremonies, and controversies about Christian mysteries such as the Trinity and free will and predestination. The next five chapters explore controversial issues of church politics, including persecution and toleration across the centuries, the basis of Mandeville's anticlericalism. In the eleventh chapter, he turns aside from matters of religion to review the balance of powers in Britain's government, a mixed or limited monarchy. The final chapter is essentially a repetition of Mandeville's pleas for civil and religious peace through mutual toleration by opposing religious parties. Mandeville's work is of continuing interest to students of culture and history, religion and theology, and political science.

Irwin Primer is professor emeritus at Rutgers University who has written widely on Mandeville and the Scottish tradition in philosophy.

Supplementary Index

Achilles 68

adultery 18, 20, 154

Egyptian 38, 90

Alexandria 50—1

ambition 9, 21, 29, 79, 103, 132, 155—6, 177, 183, 195

anger 4, 42, 96, 102, 123, 130, 132, 153, 162—3, 177

Anne, Queen ii, vi, 178

Antichrist 79

anti-trinitarians v, 53

apostolic 36, 39, 41, 113

appetite 24, 62, 153, 188

Aristotle 73

Arminians 64, 88, 109, 137

atonement 24—5, 81

Austin, Saint (see “Augustine” in Mandeville’s index) 72

authority vii-ix, xii, xiv, xxix—xxx, 4—5, 10, 35, 48, 53, 80—2, 87, 89, 90, 100—1, 104, 109, 112—13, 118, 127, 130, 132, 135—6, 140, 142, 147, 149, 151—2, 158—9, 162, 166, 169—72, 174—5, 180, 187

avarice iii, xxi, 20, 24, 32, 34, 94, 146—7, 155

back-biting 31

baptizing 41

Bayle, Pierre (1647-1702) ii-iv, 8 (and often in the endnotes)

bear-garden 26

Bellius, Mart...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Introduction, with textual notes on the first and second editions
• Mandeville’s “Preface”
• Mandeville’s “Errata” page
• Mandeville’s “Titles of the Chapters” originally printed without page numbers
• Chap. I. On Religion
• Chap. II. Of Outward Signs of Devotion
• Chap. III. Of Rites and Ceremonies in Divine Worship
• Chap. IV. Of Mysteries
• Chap. V. Of Free-will and Predestination
• Chap. VI. Of the Church
• Chap. VII. Of the Politicks of the Church
• Chap. VIII. Of Schism
• Chap. IX. Of Tolleration and Persecution
• Chap. X. Of the Reciprocal Behaviour between the Clergy and Laity
• Chap. XI. Of Government
• Chap. XII.Of National Happiness
• The Index [to the first edition]
• Notes to Mandeville’s Text
• Bibliography
• Editor’s Supplementary Index