Guidelines for Process Hazards Analysis (PHA, HAZOP), Hazards Identification, and Risk Analysis

Nigel Hyatt

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• eBook ISBN:
  9781351836265
• Topic: Tecnologia e ingegneria
• Subtopic: Scienze ambientali

This unique manual is a comprehensive, easy-to-read overview of hazards analysis as it applies to the process and allied industries. The book begins by building a background in the technical definition of risk, past industrial incidents and their impacts, ensuing legislation, and the language and terms of the risk field. It addresses the different types of structured analytical techniques for conducting Process Hazards Analyses (PHA), provides a "What If" checklist, and shows how to organize and set up PHA sessions. Other topics include layout and siting considerations, Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA), human factors, loss of containment, and PHA team leadership issues.

CHAPTER 1
Risk Concepts

Hazardous Event

The release of a material or energy that has the potential for causing harmful effects to:

• The plant personnel;
• The surrounding community at large;
• The environment.

What is Risk?

Risk relates two important factors:

• How much of what causes how much damage to whom (or whatever else) from the hazardous event, i.e., the Consequence.
• How often the hazardous event can be expected to occur, i.e., the Frequency or Likelihood.

Risk is defined as me product of Consequence and Frequency:

RISK = CONSEQUENCE × FREQUENCY

Typical Incidents that Concern Us

• Toxic gas clouds;
• Asphyxiates;
• Fires (jet fires, pool fires, fireballs);
• Explosions (VCEs, BLEVEs, mechanical/chemical explosions);
• Missile hazards;
• Hazardous liquid spills;
• Combustible dusts;
• Corrosive substances.

Industrial Incidents of Major Significance

The following industrial incidents of major significance are listed below and tabulated:

• Ludwigshafen;
• Flixborough;
• Texas City Disaster;
• Romeoville;
• Pemex;
• Bhopal;
• Ufa;
• Pasadena;
• Chernobyl (worst incident ever);
• The Great Halifax Explosion (worst Canadian incident);
• Piper Alpha;
• Visakhapatham;
• Tosco Refinery;
• Toulouse Fertilizer Complex;
• Seveso, Italy;
• Mississauga, Ontario;
• Sandoz, West Germany.

TEXAS CITY DISASTER

Location:	Texas City Harbor, French Liberty Ship S.S. Grand Camp.
Date:	April 1947
Hazardous material:	Ammonium Nitrate
Event:	2,300 tons of fertilizer in holds caught fire. Attempts to extinguish fire failed resulting in a huge explosion.
Type of incident:	Condensed phase explosion equivalent to c.7001 of TNT.
Damage:	Massive destruction causing entire ship to disintegrate. Huge damage to surrounding area, at least $1 billion by current standards. Destroy...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Important
• Copyright Page
• About the Author
• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Acknowledgements
• CHAPTER 1 Risk Concepts
• CHAPTER 2 Regulatory Developments
• CHAPTER 3 Risk Terminology
• CHAPTER 4 Process Hazards & Risk Management Alternatives
• CHAPTER 5 Identification of Hazards and Structured Hazards Analysis Tools
• CHAPTER 6 Basics of HAZOP
• CHAPTER 7 Pitfalls with HAZOP, Optimization of PHAs & Sizing of Nodes
• CHAPTER 8 What If/Checklist
• CHAPTER 9 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
• CHAPTER 10 Screening Level Risk Analysis (SLRA)
• CHAPTER 11 PHA Revalidation
• CHAPTER 12 Management of Change (MOC)
• CHAPTER 13 Estimation of Time Needed for PHAs
• CHAPTER 14 Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Buildings
• CHAPTER 15 PHA Protocols and Administrative and Engineering Controls
• CHAPTER 16 Human Factors
• CHAPTER 17 Loss of Containment
• CHAPTER 18 Managing and Justifying Recommendations
• CHAPTER 19 PHA Team Leadership
• CHAPTER 20 Safety Integrity Levels
• CHAPTER 21 Layer of Protection Analysis
• CHAPTER 22 Quantitative Risk Assessment
• Appendix I Deriving Deviations from First Principles
• Appendix II Different Types of HAZOP
• References
• Index