Pipeline Engineering (2004)

Henry Liu

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9781138105713
• eBook ISBN: 9781351359306
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Environmental Science
• Index: Biological Sciences

Pipeline engineering has struggled to develop as a single field of study due to the wide range of industries and government organizations using different types of pipelines for all types of solids, liquids, and gases. This fragmentation has impeded professional development, job mobility, technology transfer, the diffusion of knowledge, and the movement of manpower. No single, authoritative course or book has existed to unite practitioners. In response, Pipeline Engineering covers the essential aspects and types of pipeline engineering in a single volume. This work is divided into two parts. Part I, Pipe Flows, delivers an integrated treatment of all variants of pipe flow including incompressible and compressible, Newtonian and non-Newtonian, slurry and multiphase flows, capsule flows, and pneumatic transport of solids. Part II, Engineering Considerations, summarizes the equipment and methods required for successful planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of pipelines. By addressing the fundamentals of pipeline engineering-concepts, theories, equations, and facts-this groundbreaking text identifies the cornerstones of the discipline, providing engineers with a springboard to success in the field. It is a must-read for all pipeline engineers.

Part I

Pipe Flows

1

Introduction

1.1 Definition and Scope

The term pipe is defined herein as a closed conduit, usually of circular cross section. It can be made of any appropriate material such as steel or plastic. The term pipeline refers to a long line of connected segments of pipe, with pumps, valves, control devices, and other equipment/facilities needed for operating the system. It is intended for transporting a fluid (liquid or gas), mixture of fluids, solids, fluid-solid mixture, or capsules (freight-laden vessels or vehicles moved by fluids through a pipe). The term pipeline also implies a relatively large pipe spanning a long distance. Unless otherwise specified, the pipelines discussed in this book generally have a minimum diameter of 4 inches (102 mm) and a minimum length of 1 mi (1.6 km). The largest and longest pipelines discussed may have a diameter of over 10 ft (3.05 m) and a length of over 1000 mi (1609 km). This book treats all important aspects, parts, and types of pipelines.

1.2 Brief History of Pipelines

The use of pipelines has a long history. For instance, more than 1,000 years ago, the Romans used lead pipes in their aqueduct system to supply water to Rome. As early as 400 B.C., the Chinese used bamboo pipes wrapped with waxed cloth to transport natural gas to their capital Beijing for lighting. Clay pipes were used as early as 4000 B.C. for drainage purposes in Egypt and certain other countries.

An important improvement of pipeline technology occurred in the 18th century when cast-iron pipes were manufactured for use as water lines, sewers, and gas pipelines. A subsequent major event was the introduction of steel pipe in the 19th century, which greatly increased the strength of pipes of all sizes. In 1879, following the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania, the first long-distance oil pipeline was built in this state. It was a 6-inch-diameter, 109-mi-long steel pipeline. Nine years later, an 87-mi-long, 8-inch-diameter pipeline was built to transport natural gas from Kane, Pennsylvania to Buffalo, New York. The development of high-strength steel pipes made it possible to transport fluids such as natural gas, crude oil, and petroleum products over long distances. Initially, all steel pipes had to be threaded together, which was difficult to do for large pipes, and they often leaked under high pressure. The development of electric arc welding to join pipes in the late 1920s made it possible to construct leakproof, high-pressure, large-diameter pipelines. Today, virtually all high-pressure piping consists of steel pipe with welded joints. Large seamless steel pipe was another major milestone achieved in the 1920s.

Major innovations in pipeline technology made since 1950 include:

• Introduction of new pipeline materials such as ductile iron and large-diameter concrete pressure pipes for water, and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe for sewers
• Use of pigs to clean the interior of pipelines and to perform other functions
• Batching of different petroleum products in a common pipeline
• Application of cathodic protection to reduce corrosion and extend pipeline life
• Use of large side booms to lay pipes, machines to drill or bore under rivers and roads for crossing, machines to bend large pipes in the field, x-rays to detect welding flaws, and so forth.

Since 1970, major strides have been made in new pipeline technologies including trenchless construction (e.g., directional drillings, which allow pipelines to be laid easily under rivers, lakes, and other obstacles, without having to dig long trenches), pipeline integrity monitoring (e.g., sending intelligent pigs through pipes to detect pipe wall corrosion, cracks, and other pipe flaws), computers to...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• The Author
• Contents
• Part I Pipe Flows
• Part II Engineering Considerations
• Appendix A Notation
• Appendix B Conversion between SI and English (ft-lb-s) Units
• Appendix C Physical Properties of Certain Fluids and Solids
• Index