Charles V

The World Emperor

Harald Kleinschmidt

• Publisher: The History Press
• Year: 2011
• eBook ISBN: 9780752474403
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: World History
• Index: History

In his biography of Charles V Harald Kleidschmidt paints a vivid portrait of one of the most intriguing of the great European monarchs.

Notes

One

1. For the tapestries see: Florens Deuchler, Die Burgunderbeute (Bern, 1963). Traditions of descent in Burgundy and the Netherlands are recorded in: Philippe de Commynes, Mémoires, ed. Joseph Calmette, vol. 1 (Paris, 1924), p. 139. Johannes Knebel, Diarium, ed. Wilhelm Vischer and Heinrich Boos (Leipzig, 1880), p. 33. Ms. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. Vat. Reg. Lat. 947, fols 1r–75r (Genealogy of the dukes of Brabant to Philip the Fair), partly printed in Gert Melville, ‘Geschichte in graphischer Gestalt’, in: Geschichtsschreibung und Geschichtsbewußtsein im späten Mittelalter, ed. Hans Patze (Sigmaringen, 1987), pp. 97–8, 230–1 (Vorträge und Forschungen, herausgegeben vom Konstanzer Arbeitskreis für mittelalterliche Geschichte 31). Edmond de Dynter, Chronique des ducs de Brabant, cap. I, ed. P.F.X. de Ram, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1854), pp. 3, 5, 7–8. On the negotiations see: Aktenstücke und Briefe zur Geschichte des Hauses Habsburg im Zeitalter Maximilians I, ed. Joseph Chmel (Vienna, 1854), no. 9, 12–16, S. 30–41, 49–62 [repr. (Hildesheim, 1968)].

2. See: L. Berthalot, ‘Ein neuer Bericht über die Zusammenkunft Friedrichs III. und Karls des Kühnen zu Trier 1473’, in: Westdeutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst 30 (1911), p. 425.

3. Maximilian’s appreciation of Burgundian administration is shown by the fact that he obtained a copy of the handbook of court administration by Olivier de La Marche, the influential Burgundian administrator under Charles the Bold. See: Olivier de La Marche, Mémoirs, vol. 4, ed. Henri Beaumont and J. d’Arbaumont (Paris, 1888). For his praise of Mary see: Emperor Maximilian I, Theuerdank, in: Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des Allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 (Vienna, 1888) [repr. (Plochingen and Stuttgart, 1968)].

4. Jean Molinet, Chroniques, ed. Georges Doutrepont and Omer Jodogne, cap. 151–4, 169–70, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1935), pp. 587–601, vol. 2, pp. 14–31.

5. For Frederick’s proclamation concerning the election of his son as Roman king in 1486 see the paraphrases in: Johann Joachim Müller, Des Heiligen Römischen Reichs Teutscher Nation ReichsTagsTheatrum wie selbiges unter Maximilians I allerhöchster Regierung gestanden, cap. I, vol. 1 (Jena, 1718), p. 5. See also the letter by Frederick III, dated 25 November 1486, in: Maximilians vertraulicher Briefwechsel mit Sigmund Prüschenk Freiherrn zu Stettenberg, ed. Victor von Kraus (Innsbruck, 1875), pp. 56–7.

6. Francesco Guicciardini, Storia d’Italia [first published posthumously in 1561], in: Guicciardini, Opere, ed. Vittorio de Caprariis (Milan and Naples, 1961), p. 374.

7. See: Quellen zum Verfassungsorganismus des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation. 1495–1815, ed. Hanns Hubert Hofmann (Darmstadt, 1976), pp. 9–14.

8. A manuscript fragment of the Latin original of Müntzer’s letter is preserved in the papers of Hartmann Schedel in Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Incun. C.a. 424. A translation of the letter into Portuguese is preserved in an appendix to an undated edition of John of Sacrobosco’s Opusculum de sphaera (Vienna, 1518). The Portuguese version has been edited by Henry Harrisse, The Discovery of North America (London, 1892), pp. 393–5 [repr. (Amsterdam, 1961)]. A German version is in: Harald Kleinschmidt, Geschichte der internationalen Beziehungen (Stuttgart, 1998), pp. 405–7.

9. On the discussions about Columbus’s proposals at the Portuguese court see: João de Barros, Da Asia, Dec. I, lib. I, cap. 1 and lib. III, cap. 11, ed. Antonio Baião (Coimbra, 1932), p. 112. Fernando Colombo, Le Historie della vita e dei fatti dell’ Ammiraglio Don Cristoforo Colombo, lib. I, cap. 12, 21, ed. Paolo Emilio Taviani and Ilaria Luzzana Caraci, vol. 1 (Rome, 1990), pp. 64–6, 85. Bartolomé de Las Casas, Historia de las Indias, ed. Agustín Millares Carlo, vol. 1 (Madrid, 1957), pp. 153–61, 195–200.

10. For the sources see: Leo Santifaller, 1100 Jahre österreichische und europäische Geschichte in Urkunden und Dokumenten des Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchivs, vol. 1 (Vienna, 1949), no. 30, pp. 45–9. Peter Krendl, ‘König Maximilian I. und Spanien. 1477–1504’, Ph.D. Diss. (University of Graz, 1970), pp. 29–50.

11. Moralists would use Juan’s fate as a warning against excessively ambitious marriage plans. Among others see: Desiderius Erasmus, Institutio principis Christiani, ed. Otto Herding, in: Erasmus, Opera omnia, vol. 4, 1 (Amsterdam, 1974), p. 187.

12. On Philip’s diary see: Ferdinand of Aragon [Letter to Louis Ferrer, his ambassador to Philip, 29 June 1506], in: SP Spain, vol. 1, no. 470, pp. 389–90. Pontus Heuterus, Opera historica (Louvain, 1643), p. 246. For Juana’s determination to succeed her mother see: Vincenzo Quirino [Dispatch to the Senate of Venice, 11 July 1506], ed. Constantin von Höfler, ‘Depeschen des venetianischen Botschafters bei Erzherzog Philipp, Herzog von Burgund, König von Leon, Castilien, Granada, Dr Vincenzo Quirino, 1505–1506’, in: Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 66 (1885), no. 121, pp. 241–2.

13. A standard source for female self-reliance is the original of Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decamerone of the middle of the fourteenth century, that is, before the novellae that it contains became the proverbial source for allegations of women’s sexual lust. For interpretations of Boccaccio’s text in the latter sense see: Le menagier de Paris [1393], vol. 1 (Paris, 1847), pp. 125–8 [repr. (Geneva, 1982)]. Baldassare Castiglione, Book of the Courtier, English version (London, 1561), p. 66 [repr. (New York, 1967); first published (Venice, 1528)].

14. On Juana see: Ferdinand of Aragon [Letter to De Puebla, January 1508], in: SP Spain, vol. 1, no. 577, pp. 452–4. On Maximilian see: Hans Herzheimer, ‘Neue Zeitung’ zum Tode Kaiser Maximilians I. [Ms. Vienna, Bibliothek und Kunstblättersammlung des Österreichischen Museums für Angewandte Kunst], ed. Hanna Dornik-Eger, Albrecht Dürer und die Druckgraphik für Kaiser Maximilian I. (Vienna, 1971), pp. 35–6.

15. Müller, ReichsTagsTheatrum (note 5), pp. 576–612.

16. Maximilian’s parents were notorious for adhering to incompatible educational principles. See: Joseph Grünpeck, ‘Historia Friderici IV. et Maximiliani I.’, cap. 17, 21–4, ed. Joseph Chmel, in: Der österreichische Geschichtsforscher 1 (1838), pp. 79, 81–3. Eleanor of Portugal [Letter to Duchess Eleanor of Tirol, 20 June 1466], ed. Katherine Walsh, ‘Deutschsprachige Korrespondenz der Kaiserin Leonora von Portugal’, in: Kaiser Friedrich III. (1440–1493) in seiner Zeit, ed. Paul-Joachim Heinig (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 1993), no. IV, p. 441.

17. Leon Battista Alberti, I libri della famiglia, book I, ed. Renée Neu Watkins, The Family in Renaissance Florence (Columbia, S.C., 1969) pp. 36–40.

18. Augustine, De vera religione, cap. I/26, ed. Jacques-Paul Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina, vol. 34, col. 145. Isidore of Seville, Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX, cap. XI/2, ed. William M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911).

19. Ed. Rolf Sprandel, in: Sprandel, Altersschicksal und Altersmoral (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 164–86.

20. William Shakespeare, As You Like it, II. vii.

21. For details see: Harald Kleinschmidt, Understanding the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 293–6.

22. Paraphrase of the treaty on the marriage between Arthur and Catherine, 6 June 1500, in: SP Spain, vol. 1, no. 255, pp. 220–2. For a description of the pageants on the occasion of Catherine’s arrival in England see: ‘Here begynneth the note and trewth of the moost goodly behavior in the receyt of the Ladie Kateryne . . . yowen in marriage goinet to Prince Arthur, son and heir unto our noble Soferynge of Englond King Henry the VIIth, in the XVII yeare of his reign’ [1501], ed. Francis Grose and F.G.Th. Astle, in: The Antiquarian Repertory II, 1 (1808), pp. 249–331. See also: John Leland, ed., ‘A Narrative of the Jousts, Banquets and Disguisings Used at the Intertaynement of Katherine Wife to Prince Arthur, Eldest Sonne to King Henry VIIth, 8 November 1501’, in: Leland, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (London, 1774), pp. 356–73 [repr. (Farnborough, 1970)].

23. Henry, Prince of Wales [Memorandum, 27 June 1505], in: SP Spain, vol. 1, no. 435, pp. 358–9.

24. De Puebla [Letter to Ferdinand of Aragon, 15 April 1507], Catherine of Aragon [Letter to her father, 5 October 1507], in: SP Spain, vol. 1, nos 511, 541, pp. 408–10, 426–8.

25. Gerard de Pleine [Letter to Margaret, 30 June 1514], in: LP, vol. 1, no. 3041, pp. 1306–7.

26. On Henry VIII and the imperial succession see: Robert Wingfield [Letter to Wolsey, 10 January 1516 (reports Maximilian’s view that the imperial crown should be offered to Henry)]; Pace [Letter to Wolsey, 12 May 1516 (Maximilian willing to adopt Henry as his son)]; Robert Wingfield [Letter to Henry VIII, 17 May 1516 (Maximilian offered to adopt Henry as his son and to designate him as his successor in the empire but wants subsidies)]; Henry VIII [Letter to Wolsey, 27 July 1516 (believes that Maximilian will resign the imperial crown)]; treaty between Maximilian and Henry VIII, art. 5, October 1516 (Henry pledges to accept the imperial crown), in: LP, vol. 2, nos 1398, 1878, 1902, 2218, 2463, pp. 386–7, 539–40, 549–50, 675–6, 767–8.

27. Prudencio Sandoval, Historia de la vida y hechos del Emperador Carlos V (Antwerp, 1681), vol. 1, p. 196 [new edn (Madrid, 1955)].

28. For Henry VII’s embassy see: Henry VII [Instruction to Francis Marsin, James Braybrooke and John Stile to investigate the Old Queen of Naples and her daughter for the marriage project between himself and the younger Queen of Naples, June 1505], in: Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII, ed. William Campbell, vol. 2 (London, 1877), pp. 223–39 [repr. (Nendeln, 1965)].

29. Maximilian’s instruction is recorded in the earliest version of Mennel’s calendar of Habsburg saints. See: Jakob Mennel, ‘After-Kalender’ [1513/14], ed. Wolfgang Irtenkauf, Der Habsburger-Kalender (Göppingen, 1979), p. 21. Also in: Maximilian, Instruction to Mennel, c. 1515, Ms Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2834, fol. 1r-v. In the introductions to the manuscript and the printed versions of his chronicle, Mennel referred explicitly to the fact that he had been commissioned by Maximilian to write the work. See: Ms Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 3072*, fol. 1r–2v. Jakob Mennel, ‘Fürstlich Chronickh kayser maximilians geburt spiegel’, 5 vols in 6 parts. Ms Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Cod. 3072x, fol. A IIr–v. Printed in: Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des Allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 3 (1885), Reg. 2977, pp. XCI–XCII. Joseph Chmel, Die Handschriften der K.k.Hofbibliothek Wien, vol. 1 (Vienna, 1840), p. 1.

30. Mennel, ‘Chronickh’ (note 29), vol. 2, Ms Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Cod. 3073.

31. Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini [Pope Pius II], De Bohemorum origine ac gestis historia, in: Piccolomini, Opera quae extant omnia (Basle, 1551), p. 84.

32. Georg Kugler, ‘Eine Denkschrift Dr. Jakob Mennels, verfaßt im Auftrage Maximilians I. für seinen Enkel...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of Abbreviations
• Introduction
• One:  Dramatis Personae: The Dynasties
• Two:  The Stage for the Show: The Old versus the New World
• Three:  Enter the Peace-bringing Ruler: The Making of an Emperor (1519–21)
• Four:  Scenes of the Struggle for Power: Dynastic Politics and the Crusade (1521–30)
• Five:  Defence of the Realms: European Wars, Spanish and New World Affairs (1530–48)
• Six:  Triumph and Showdown: The War against the Ottoman Turkish Empire and the Struggle against the Lutherans (1530–48)
• Seven:  Exeunt: Succession Issues, the Settlement of 1555, Abdications, Retirement, Death (1549–58)
• Notes
• Selected Further Reading