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Meadowlark Economies
Work and Leisure in the Ecosystem
Jim Eggert
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Meadowlark Economies
Work and Leisure in the Ecosystem
Jim Eggert
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About This Book
First Published in 2017. The author shares their feelings about enjoying and preserving the natural environment, yet this book also reveals a conflict in values that the most committed ecologist must face. Such conflict pits the powerful American values of individual freedom and rights against the values of community necessary for sustaining the environment. In publishing this collection of essays, the author hopes to contribute to more enlightened economic analysis and more relevant and effective policies that are good for both the economy and the global ecology.
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PART I
/ VALUES OF A DIFFERENT ORDER
/ Meadowlark Economics
If I were a CEO or the head of a government agency, I have my doubts whether I would hire a contemporary economist. This may seem like an odd comment coming from someone who has spent the past twenty-two years of his life teaching university Econ classes. Indeed, there have been countless occasions when Iâve defended my disciplineâs importance to my students and others.
What is economicsâ special contribution? Economistsâ stock-in-trade includes: recognizing scarcity; helping to make choices; identifying tradeoffs; and making connections (that may not always be obvious) between the larger economy and oneâs own small, individual, economic world.
On the last point, I recall a class in the mid-1980s when a student asked what I meant by âmaking connections.â It happened on a day that Nature, fortuitously, provided me with an interesting and unusual example. I told the students that I had trouble getting to school that morning because a couple of aspen trees (near a damned-up marshy area) had been cut overnight and had blocked the roadway.
âNow what,â I asked, âdid international trade and finance have to do with these downed trees and my morningâs frustration?â Working it through, we concluded that there, indeed, may have been connections:
â Who cut the trees? Probably beaver.
â Why were they felling trees near the road? Overpopulation.
â Why were there too many beaver? No trapping that year.
â What happened to the beaver pelt market? Decreased foreign demand.
â Why? High value of the American dollar in the spring of 1985.
Some of the fun of teaching is thinking through such illustrations, examining, as it were, the connective tissue of the Big Economy, world markets, and then trying to see how they relate to you and me. Indeed, most economists are trained to do this kind of analysis quite well.
So whatâs our shortcoming? I believe it is simply this: we economists have simply not gone farenough in broadening our understanding of ecology and ecological values.
ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
âEcology.â Note that the words âeconomicsâ and âecologyâ have the same prefix âeco,â from the Greek oikos, which literally means âhousehold.â Thus the original definition of economics implied an understanding, a caring for, and the management of human households, whereas ecology implied an understanding and appreciation of the interrelationships within natureâs âhousehold.â I believe these two households are becoming more interdependent and their futures more and more intimately linked. When we fail to calculate ecological values or to see the connections, it paves the way for losses that are both unintended and unwanted. One example (on a small scale to be sure) is now occurring in our area, a dairy farming region of the upper Midwest. We are losing our meadowlarks!
Indeed, the people who walk or jog or bike along our rural roads enjoy the few meadowlarks that are left. Their song is pleasing, their color and swoop-of-flight is enchanting. The complete disappearance of meadowlarks would, plain and simple, be wrong ethically, and also would diminish the quality of our lives.
Why are we losing the meadowlarks? Most likely it is a result of a modern method of hayingââhaylage.â Farmers now tend to cut their hay âgreenâ with minimal drying early in the spring, put it into a wagon, then blow it into the silo. Years ago, most farmers let their hay grow longerâperhaps Iwo to three weeks longerâbefore cutting it. It was then dried and raked into windrows. This method gave the field nesting birds (such as the meadowlarks and bobolinks) time to establish a brood and fledge their young before the mower arrived on the scene.
Haylage in turn is an offshoot of improved farm âefficiency,â of substituting machinery for labor, and of minimizing time and costly rain delays that characterized the old cutting/drying/baling method. These changes took place with the blessings of Ag economists, university researchers, on down the line to the county extension agent. But in the meantime, who was valuing the meadowlarks?
Despite their sweet song, these birds have no voice economically or politically. They represent a zero within our conventional economic accounting system (we donât even buy birdseed or build birdhouses for meadowlarks). Their disappearance would not create even the tiniest ripple in the Commerce Departmentâs spreadsheets that are supposed to measure our standard of living.
MEADOWLARK VALUES
In truth, there are âMeadowlark Valuesâ (as opposed to strict economic values) everywhere. They are found in estuaries and sand dunes, in wetlands and woodlands, in native prairies and Panamanian rainforests. It is quite probable that the quality of your life is, to some degree, dependent on these values; they are on every continent, they can be seen upstate and downstate. Just look about and you will find them (like our meadowlarks) on your road, or next door, or even in your own back yard.
Meadowlark Values were underrepresented when Mr. Bushâs economists advised the President to open up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for oil and gas exploration. Meadowlark Values were shortchanged when economists pointed out (quite correctly) that Exxonâs oil spill actually increased our Gross Domestic Product (GDP), (by pouring billions of dollars into the cleanup and thereby fattening paychecks as well as state and national income).
Perhaps it is time we economists begin to rethink our strict adherence to dollar and GDP values. We should not, of course, discard our old and valuable skills: of recognizing scarcity, of making efficient choices, and of pointing out trade-offs. But itâs time to broaden ourselves, to incorporate ecological thinking and ecological values along with market thinking and market valuesâcall it, if you wish, âMeadowlark Economics.â
Iâm ashamed to admit that I took my first elementary class in ecology after teaching economics for more than two decades. I still have a ways to go. I am beginning to read (and appreciate) some of the latter day economists who represent this new thinking: Kenneth Boulding, Hazel Henderson, Herman Daly, Lester Brown, Leopold Kohr, and E.F. Schumacher, to name a few.
In addition, I hope that more and more prominent economists, the Friedmans, Solows, McConnells, the Boskins, Bradys and Greenspans of todayâand the futureâwill feel comfortable not only with traditional market/growth economics, but will also know something of ecology as well; to value the integrity of the environment along with the âbottom line:â to promote development, but also protect the standard of living of the other organisms with whom we share the planet.
Along with Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), perhaps future economists can devise what might be called GIS or âGrandchild Impact Statements,â making sure our kids and their kids will have sustainable quantities of biological as well as other resources, helping preserve our soils and waters, fisheries and forests, whales and bluebirdsâeven the tiny toads and butterfliesâthat these entities too will have their voices represented.
So all you National Association of Business Economists, government advisers (and we teachers too), letâs dedicate ourselves to a new standard ofâwhat?âMeadowlark Economics if you will, of protecting and sustaining, for the future, a larger and more comprehensive set of durable values.
/ A COMPENSATORY ETHIC
One of the penalties of an ecological education is that one lives alone in a world of wounds.2âAldo Leopold
Some forty-four years ago, ecologist Aldo Leopold wove various observations together into a memorable idea that he would even tually call âthe land ethic.â3 To Leopoldâs credit his land ethic concept has, over the years, become a centerpiece vision for ecologists, preser vationists, and outdoors people alike. Indeed, Iâve seen no better âdefinitionâ of so-called Meadowlark Values than can be found in his book A Sand County Almanac with special attention to his final âLand Ethicâ essay. In this essay, Leopold asserts that we are âmembers of a community of interdependent parts and that itâs now time to enlarge the boundaries of that community to include not just humans but also plants, animals, soils, lakes, rivers, and oceans, or collectively: the land.â
Recognition of this broader community carries with it a commitment of peaceful coexistence with, and protection of, all these diverse natural entities. Summing up, Leopold asks us all to begin changing the role of homo sapiens from âconqueror of the land community to plain member or citizen of it.â
âPlain memberâŚ.â I love the word âplain,â a word which implies an uncharacteristic dose of humility and modesty. And as we move away from the role of âconqueror,â we will begin to see the need for honestly sharing resources, both national and global. Sharing in turn would imply an eventual alteration of our industrial-based standard of living. In this vision, Aldo Leopold has perhaps begun to describe an ultimate goal of our speciesâa true transformation, on a large and permanent scale, of our public and private commitment toward nature. It is a goal that even Professor Leopold realized would take generations to accomplish.
In the meantime, though, what can be done? Are there any intermediate, ethical stances we can use as steppingstones along the way? Let me suggest one: a compensatory ethic.
Compensatory is defined as: âto make up for or to offset; counterbalance; to make equivalent or satisfactory reparation toâŚâ A compensatory ethic would be less revolutionary and in many ways more accepting of the status quo than the land ethic. It would not, for example, insist that we radically curtail our standard of living or necessarily shun many of the pleasures of consumption.
COMPENSATORY INVESTMENTS AND ACTIVITIES
It does, however, imply that if we wish to continue with our resource-using habits, we should somehow compensate or mitigate the damage via investments or activities that will offset the negative consequences of our current level of production and consumption.
An illustration of compensatory ethical action was a decision by a relatively small electrical utilityâApplied Energy Services of Arlington, Virginiaâto help finance the planting of fifty million trees in Guatemala.4 This investment is apparently an attempt to compensate for the utilityâs annual carbon dioxide emissions by planting future carbon dioxide absorbers. Along the same line, I wonder why tropical rainforest countries have not yet made the following compensatory proposal to the developed countries: âOkay industrial friends, if you want our forest diversity and also want to continue to enjoy the fruits of fossil fuelsâbut donât want the possible greenhouse consequencesâyou might want to rent our forest of CO2 absorbers and rich habitats.â One candidate for raising money to pay this rent would be a CO2 user-tax imposed on processes that burn fossil fuels. In addition, this subsidy could (and should) be used to foster the economic survival of tropical populations who would otherwise be slashing and burning tracts of trees to exploit that elusive and short-lived two or three inches of forest topsoil.
If one accepts this line of argument, and begins to explore compensatory ethical options, a numbe...