Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook

Two-Volume Set

John G. Webster, Halit Eren

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• eBook ISBN:
  9781351832991
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

This new edition of the bestselling Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook brings together all aspects of the design and implementation of measurement, instrumentation, and sensors. Reflecting the current state of the art, it describes the use of instruments and techniques for performing practical measurements in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences; explains sensors and the associated hardware and software; and discusses processing systems, automatic data acquisition, reduction and analysis, operation characteristics, accuracy, errors, calibrations, and the incorporation of standards for control purposes.

Organized according to measurement problem, the Second Edition:

• Consists of 2 volumes
• Features contributions from 240+ field experts
• Contains 53 new chapters, plus updates to all 194 existing chapters
• Addresses different ways of making measurements for given variables
• Emphasizes modern intelligent instruments and techniques, human factors, modern display methods, instrument networks, and virtual instruments
• Explains modern wireless techniques, sensors, measurements, and applications

A concise and useful reference for engineers, scientists, academic faculty, students, designers, managers, and industry professionals involved in instrumentation and measurement research and development, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second Edition provides readers with a greater understanding of advanced applications.

I

Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

1 Measurements, Instrumentation, and Sensors Halit Eren

Introduction • Measurements • 1.3 Instruments • Analog and Digital Instruments • Sensors and Transducers • Instrumentation and Networks • Software Support for Sensors and Instruments • Application Examples • Bibliography • Partial List of Vendors and Suppliers

2 Characteristics of Instrumentation John R. Hansman, Jr.

Simple Instrument Model • Bibliography

3 Operational Modes of Instrumentation Richard S. Figliola

Null Instrument • Deflection Instrument • Analog and Digital Sensors • Analog and Digital Readout Instruments • Input Impedance • Defining Terms • Further Information

4 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation Peter H. Sydenham

Static Characteristics of Instrument Systems • Dynamic Characteristics of Instrument Systems • Calibration of Measurements • References

5 Measurement Accuracy Ronald H. Dieck

Error: The Normal Distribution and the Uniform Distribution • Measurement Uncertainty Model • Calculation of Expanded Uncertainty • Summary • Defining Terms • References • Further Information

6 Development of Standards Halit Eren

Introduction • Standard Organizations • Development of Standards • Obtaining and Using Standards • Examples of Standards • Software Standards • Bibliography

7 Measurement Standards DeWayne B. Sharp

Historical Perspective • What Are Standards? • Conceptual Basis of Measurements • Need for Standards • Types of Standards • Numbers, Dimensions, and Units • Multiplication Factors • Conversions of Units • Examples of Defining Terms • Bibliography

8 Calibrations in Instrumentation and Measurements Halit Eren

Introduction • Errors and Uncertainties in Calibrations • Benefits of Calibrations • Calibration Procedure and Personnel • Calibration Methods • Laboratories and Institutions • Calibration Software Support • Cost of Calibrations • Trends in Calibrations • Calibration Examples • Bibliography • Partial List of Calibration Service and Software Providers

9 Intelligent Sensors and Instruments Halit Eren

Introduction • Intelligent Sensors • The IEEE 1451 Standard • Communications of Intelligent Sensors • Plug-and-Play Capability • Applications and Examples of Intelligent Sensors • Intelligent Instruments • Examples of Intelligent Instruments • References • Bibliography • Partial List of Manufacturers/Suppliers

10 Virtual Instruments David Potter and Halit Eren

Introduction • Virtual Instrument Architecture • Virtual Instrument Software • Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition • Conclusions • Bibliography • Partial List of Suppliers

11 Fail-Safe Instruments and Devices Davide Quatrini, Giuseppe Fazio, Mauro Giaconi, and Adelio Salsano

Introduction • Fail-Safe Realization: Relevant Features • Fail-Safe Realization: In-Depth Example • Case Study: Level 1 ERTMS • Summary • References

12 Dynamic Error Measurements of Force Sensors Akihiro Takita, Jin Tao, and Yusaku Fujii

Introduction • Problems and Solutions of Dynamic Calibrations • Evaluation of Dynamic Characteristics of Force Sensors • Impulse Response • Oscillation Response • Conclusions • References

1

Measurements, Instrumentation, and Sensors

Halit Eren

Curtin University

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Measurements

1.3 Instruments

Design of Instruments • Testing and Use of Instruments • Response and Drift • Accuracy and Errors • Error Reduction • Calibration of Instruments

1.4 Analog and Digital Instruments

Analog Instruments • Digital Instruments

1.5 Sensors and Transducers

Smart Sensors • Wireless and Autonomous Sensors and Instruments

1.6 Instrumentation and Networks

1.7 Software Support for Sensors and Instruments

1.8 Application Examples

Bibliography

Partial List of Vendors and Suppliers 1-14

1.1 Introduction

Measurement is a process of gathering information from a physical world and comparing this information with agreed standards. As highlighted in this chapter and discussed in detail in this book, measurements are essential activities for observing and testing scientific and technological investigations.

Measurements are carried out by using instruments, which are designed and manufactured to fulfill specific tasks. Sensors are used as the primary elements in instruments to respond to the physical variable under investigation. In this book, a diverse range of sensors and instruments are discussed; the advances and the recent developments in measurements, instrumentation, and sensors are introduced in the proceeding sections and chapters.

In many applications, many sensors and instruments are used to collect information about the process under investigation. These instruments are connected together using wired, optical, or wireless networks. The details of the supporting hardware and software technologies behind these networks are discussed extensively.

1.2 Measurements

If the behavior of the physical variable is known, its performance can be monitored and assessed by means of suitable methods of sensing, signal conditioning, and termination. The applications of instruments range from laboratory conditions to arduous environments such as inside nuclear reactors or remote locations such as satellite systems and spaceships.

The sensor-output signals of the majority of modern instruments are in electric form. This is due to electric signals being easy to process, display, store, and transmit. Once converted to electric forms, the relation between the sensor signals and the physical variations can be expressed ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Editors
• Contributors
• Part I Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts
• Part II Spatial Variables
• Part III Displacement
• Part IV Mechanical Variables
• Part V Acoustics
• Part VI Flow and Spot Velocity
• Part VII Thermal and Temperature Measurement
• Part VIII Radiation
• Part IX Wireless Instrumentation
• Part X Control and Human Factors
• Appendix: Units and Conversions
• Index