Graphene Photonics, Optoelectronics, and Plasmonics

Qiaoliang Bao, Huiying Hoh, Yupeng Zhang, Qiaoliang Bao, Huiying Hoh, Yupeng Zhang

• Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9781351767750
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Graphene has been hailed as a rising star in photonics and optoelectronics. The wonderful optical properties of graphene make possible the multiple functions of signal emission, transmission, modulation, and detection to be realized in one material. This book compiles and details cutting-edge research in graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broadband optoelectronic devices. Particularly, it emphasizes the ability to integrate graphene photonics onto the silicon platform to afford broadband operation in light routing and amplification, which involves components such as the polarizer, the modulator, and the photodetector. It also includes other functions such as a saturable absorber and an optical limiter. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the interrelationship between the operation of these conceptually new photonic devices and the fundamental physics of graphene involved in the interactions between graphene and light.

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction

Shivananju Bannur Nanjunda, Hui Ying Hoh, Joice Sophia, Yunzhou Xue, Jian Yuan, Wenzhi Yu, Haoran Mu, Yao Chen, and Qiaoliang Baoa,

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Discovery of Graphene and lts Properties

1.3 Production of Graphene

1.3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation

1.3.2 Epitaxial Growth

1.3.2.1 Epitaxial growth mechanism

1.3.2.2 Different substrates adopted

1.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition

1.3.4 Solution Processing

1.3.4.1 Graphite/graphene oxides

1.3.4.2 Reduced graphene oxides

1.4 Optical Properties of Graphene

1.4.1 Linear Optical Properties

1.4.2 Nonlinear Optical Properties

2 Application of Graphene in Lasers

Yao Chen, Haoran Mu, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Baoa,

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Mode-Locking Fiber Laser Based on Graphene

2.3 Q-Switching Fiber Laser Based on Graphene

2.4 Graphene in the Solid State Laser

2.5 Conclusion

3 Graphene-Based Optical Modulators

Sheng Gan, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Baoa,

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Graphene Strip-Waveguide Optical Modulators

3.3 Graphene-Slot Waveguide Optical Modulators

3.4 Optical Modulators with MZI and Ring Structures

3.5 Optical Modulators with Vertical Structure

3.6 Conclusion

4 Optics Letters

ZiyuWang, Zai-Quan Xu, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Bao,^a,b

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Conventional In-Line Polarizers

4.3 Graphene-Based Polarizers

4.3.1 Optical Fiber Polarizers

4.3.2 Optical Waveguide Polarizers

4.4 Conclusion

5 Graphene-Based Photodetectors

Shaojuan Li, Yan Liu, Hui Ying Hoh, and Qiaoliang Baoa,

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Plasma-Enhanced Graphene Photodetectors

5.3 Resonant Cavity–Enhanced Graphene Photodetectors

5.4 Waveguide-Integrated Graphene Photodetector

5.5 Van der Waals Heterojunction Structure Photodetector

5.6 Conclusion and Outlook

6 Graphene for Solar Cells

Pengfei Li, YushengWang, Qasim Khan,a, Hui Ying Hoh, and Qiaoliang Baoa,

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Different Types of Graphene for Solar Cells

6.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

6.3.1 Graphene as Transparent Electrodes

6.3.2 Graphene as Catalytic Counter Electrodes

6.4 Organic/Polymer Solar Cells

6.4.1 Functionalized Graphene as Electrode

6.4.2 Functionalized Graphene as Transport Layer

6.4.3 Functionalized Graphene as Active Layer

6.5 Graphene-Silicon Hybrid Solar Cells

6.6 Conclusion

7 Graphene Plasmonics

Qingyang Xu, Yao Lu, Jian Yuan, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Baoa,

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Theoretical Investigations

7.2.1 Electron Behavior in Two Dimensions

7.2.2 Dispersion Relation of Graphene Plasmons

7.2.3 Surface Plasmon Polaritons

7.2.4 Surface Plasmons Coupled with Phonons

7.3 Excitation of Surface Plasmons in Graphene

7.3.1 Spectroscopy Investigations of Surface Plasmons

7.3.2 Real-Space Imaging and Detection of Surface Plasmons

7.3.2.1 EELS and ARPES

7.3.2.2 Lightplasmons coupling

7.4 Plasmonic Devices

7.4.1 Surface Plasmons in Graphene

7.4.2 Surface Plasmons in Graphene Ribbons

7.4.3 Surface Plasmons in Graphene Disks, Rings

7.4.4 Surface Plasmons in Graphene/Insulator or TI Stacks

7.5 Conclusion

8 Graphene as Optical Limiters

Hui Ying Hoh and Qiaoliang Baoa,

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Nonlinear Effect

8.2.1 Nonlinear Absorption—Multiphoton Absorption

8.2.2 Nonlinear Absorption—Excited-State Absorption (Reverse Saturable Absorption)

8.2.3 Nonlinear Scattering

8.3 Carbon-Based Optical Limiters

8.4 Graphene-Based Optical Limiters

8.4.1 Graphene Dispersions

8.4.2 Composites Containing Graphene

8.5 Conclusion

9 Graphene-Based Light-Emitting Diodes

Jialu Zheng, Hui Ying Hoh, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Baoa,

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Development of Graphene-Based LEDs

9.2.1 Selective Doped Graphene as Anodic Electrode or Cathodic Electrode

9.2.2 Improvement in CVD Growth of Graphene

9.3 Combination of Graphene Electrodes with Other Materials

9.3.1 Integration of Graphene Electrodes with Nanoclusters

9.3.2 Integration of Graphene Electrodes with One-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanostructures

9.3.3 Integration of Graphene Electrodes with SWCNTs

9.3.4 Integration of Graphene Electrodes with Nanowires

9.4 Other Potential Applications of Graphene in LEDs

9.4.1 Photoluminescence from Graphene Oxide

9.4.2 Graphene Interlayer for Current Spreading Enhancement

9.5 Conclusion

10 Graphene-Based Touchscreens

Shivananju Bannur Nanjundaa and Qiaoliang Baoa,

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Transparent Touchscreen Electrodes

10.2.1 Indium Tin Oxide

10.2.2 Conducting Polymers

10.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes

10.2.4 Graphene

10.2.5 Working Principle of Graphene Touchscreen

10.3 Resistive Touchscreens

10.4 Capactive Touchscreens

10.5 Graphene-Based Touchscreens

10.5.1 Comparison of Graphene and ITO-Based Touchscreen Devices

10.5.2 Current and Future Trends of Graphene-Based Touchscreens

11 Perspective

Hui Ying Hoh and Qiaoliang Baoa,

11.1 Strategies for Overcoming Challenges

11.2 Other Two-Dimensional Materials

Index

Preface

We have been investigating the optical applications of graphene since 2008 because we saw that it has the potential to significantly improve human lives in several ways such as energy harvesting (solar cells), optical communication, and low-cost touchscreens. There is numerous literature about graphene synthesis and properties and some on devices and applications. However, only few provide in-depth discussions about the many possible ways graphene may be utilized in optical devices, and this gave us the idea to bring out Graphene Photonics, Optoelectronics, and Plasmonics.

Photonics is the science and technology concerned with light (photons or particles of light), and it deals with its properties, generation, manipulation and, detect...

Table of contents

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