Faber & Kell's Heating and Air-Conditioning of Buildings

Doug Oughton, Steve Hodkinson, Richard Brailsford, Richard M Brailsford

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2014
• Print ISBN: 9780415522656
• eBook ISBN: 9781136326462
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Construction & Architectural Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

For over 70 years, Faber & Kell's has been the definitive reference text in its field. It provides an understanding of the principles of heating and air-conditioning of buildings in a concise manner, illustrating practical information with simple, easy-to-use diagrams, now in full-colour.

This new-look 11th edition has been re-organised for ease of use and includes fully updated chapters on sustainability and renewable energy sources, as well as information on the new Building Regulations Parts F and L. As well as extensive updates to regulations and codes, it now includes an introduction that explains the role of the building services engineer in the construction process. Its coverage of design calculations, advice on using the latest technologies, building management systems, operation and maintenance makes this an essential reference for all building services professionals.

C

Heating and hot water supply

C1

Heating of Buildings

C1.1	Introduction
C1.2	Fundamental considerations
C1.2.1	Legislation
	• Temperatures in buildings
	• Reduction of carbon dioxide output – England
	• Building regulations for the UK other than England
	• EU building energy regulations.
C1.2.2	Design standards
	• Fuel systems (oil and gas)
	• National Standards
C1.2.3	Financial incentives
	• Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs)
	• Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI)
	• Climate Change Levy
C1.3	Strategic design decisions
C1.3.1	Comfort
	• Convective heating
	• Radiant heating
	• Temperature variations in the space
	• Localised radiation
	• Warm or cold floors
	• Cold downdraughts
C1.3.2	External design conditions
C1.3.3	Internal design conditions
C1.3.4	Choice of fuels and energy sources
	• Overview
	• Grid electricity
	• Combined heat and power
C1.3.5	Choice of system for different building types and constructions
	• Offices
	• Schools
	• Industrial buildings and spaces with high ceilings
	• Dwellings
	• Infrequently occupied buildings
	• Historic buildings
	• Highly insulated modern buildings
	• Poorly insulated older buildings
	• High thermal mass buildings
C1.3.6	Plant sizing and design margins
	• Building preheating for intermittent operation
	• Use of design margins
	• Load analysis, diversity and plant selection
	• Standby capacity and resilience
	• Controllability at reduced output
C1.3.7	Frost protection
	• Building protection
	• Protection of systems
C1.4	Types and choice of heating systems
C1.4.1	Centralised versus decentralised systems
C1.4.2	System selection
C1.4.3	Emitters
	• Convective type
	• Radiative type
C1.4.4	Distribution media and temperatures
	• Overview
	• Water systems
	• Air systems
Further reading

C1

Heating of buildings

C1.1 Introduction

This chapter provides an introduction to heating methods and takes a general overview of the purposes of a heating system and how to achieve comfortable environmental conditions in a building. It also outlines the process of choosing a suitable method of heating; alternative distribution systems; alternative fuel and energy sources and the types of heat emitter available to heat buildings.

The selection, design, commissioning, operation, maintenance and management of a building’s heating system is crucial for social, economic, regulatory and environmental reasons. The strategic choices, including the requirements imposed by the intended use of the building, energy and environmental targets, and the legal requirements are dealt with in this chapter.

Heating of buildings is often considered straightforward when compared to air-conditioning and ventilation systems, but there are many options and permutations to be considered. Importantly, these include, first, how to minimise energy use and carbon emissions and, second, how to integrate a mixture of heat sources – both fossil fuel-fired appliances and renewable and low-carbon technologies – to optimise the performance.

Heating systems offer the designer a range of options to minimise energy and carbon emissions by the use of both fossil fuel and renewable technologies

Most space heating systems use a remote heat source such as a boiler, combined heat and power (CHP) plant, district heating or a heat pump to supply heat via a transport medium, usually water but sometimes steam or air, through a distribution network to a series of emitters (e.g. radiators, convectors, fan convectors). Systems utilising a transport medium are known as indirect systems. Alternatively, direct fired systems or direct electric systems can be used, that either rely on radiant effects usually from overhead tubes or panels, or warm air blower systems. Some of these systems actually circulate greatly diluted combustion products into the space and are described in Chapter C6.

The basic components of any heating system are:

– a means of generating heat, i.e. the heat generator and energy source;

– a means of distributing the heat around the building or buildings, i.e. the distribution medium;

– a means of delivering the heat into the space to be heated, i.e. the heat emitter. These can either deliver heat by radiation or convection or a combination of the mechanisms.

Multiple permutations exist in selecting the most appropriate system for the application; fundamentally:

– heat source;

– distribution medium;

– emitter type.

The above gives many possible permutations and options to be considered. Examples include the simple use of electric panel heating, using electricity both as the heat source and distribution medium, to a conventional gas boiler system distributing low-temperature water to a convector system. A more complex system would be one serving various buildings by using oil or gas as the energy/heat source to generate high-temperature hot water for the main distribution, which is then reduced in temperature and pressure to low-temperature water via heat exchangers, to serve systems in multiple buildings.

In modern comfort-cooled buildings, emitters may be integrated into terminal units to provide both heating and cooling. These include fan coil units and, more recently active beams, as discussed in Chapter D1...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Notes on authors
• Introduction
• A Building Physics
• B Sustainable Design
• C Heating and hot water supply
• D Air-conditioning and ventilation
• E Pipework and ductwork systems
• F Installation, commissioning and operation
• Index