Energy Management

Conservation and Audits

Anil Kumar, Om Prakash, Prashant Singh Chauhan, Samsher Gautam

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781000068412
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Business
• Subtopic: Sostenibilità nel business
• Index: Business

Energy Management: Conservation and Audit discusses the energy scenario, including energy conservation, management, and audit, along with the methodology supported by industrial examples. Energy economics of systems has been elaborated with concepts of life cycle assessment and costing, and rate of return. Topics such as energy storage, co-generation, and waste heat recovery to energy efficiency have discussed. The challenges faced in conserving energy sources (steam and electricity) have elaborated along with the improvements in the lighting sector. Further, it covers optimization procedures for the development in the industry related to energy conservation. The researchers, senior undergraduate, and graduate students focused on Energy Management, Sustainable Energy, Renewable Energy, Energy Audits, and Energy Conservation. This book covers current information related to energy management and includes energy audit and review all the leading equipment (boilers, CHP, pumps, heat exchangers) as well as procedural frameworks (energy audits, action planning, monitoring). It includes energy production and management from an industrial perspective, along with highlighting the various processes involved in energy conservation and auditing in various sectors and associated methods. It also explores future energy options and directions for energy security and sustainability.

1	Fundamentals of Energy and Energy Scenario

1.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY

Capacity to do work is said to be energy, whereas work is defined as the transfer of energy from one system to another system. It can be practically used to change the systems around us, for example, moving body muscles, using electricity, using mechanical devices. It is of different types, namely, heat (thermal), mechanical, light (radiant), chemical, electrical, and nuclear energy.

1.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF ENERGY

Energy is of two types, namely, stored energy or potential energy and kinetic energy. For example, chemical energy contained in food is stored in our body until it is released for work.

1.2.1 POTENTIAL ENERGY

It is the energy stored in a substance. The energy has the potential to do work. Gravity gives potential energy to a subject. This potential energy is a result of gravity pulling downwards. It occurs in various forms.

1.2.1.1 Chemical Energy

It is the energy, which is stored in chemical bonds of any chemical compounds. It is released during a chemical reaction in the form of heat and as a byproduct. The process is called exothermic reaction. Examples of stored chemical energy are batteries, petroleum, biomass, natural gas, and coal. Once the chemical energy is released from a substance, it is then transformed into an entirely new material. Like, during an explosion, chemical energy, which has been stored in it, transferred to the surroundings in the form of thermal energy, sound energy, and kinetic energy.

1.2.1.2 Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is the energy found in the nucleus of an atom. Atoms are those tiny units that make up matter in the universe. Nucleus is held together by energy. Electricity can be produced by using this energy. It can be obtained in two ways—nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, the energy is released when the atoms are combined to form a larger atom. In nuclear fission, the atoms are split into smaller atoms, releasing energy.

1.2.1.3 Stored Mechanical Energy

Energy that has been stored in objects by the application of a force is called stored mechanical energy.

1.2.2 KINETIC ENERGY

All the moving objects have kinetic energy in them. It is the energy, which is possessed by any object due to motion. It is of various types.

1. Radiant Energy: Radiation is electromagnetic energy, which includes visible light, X-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves.

2. Thermal Energy: Demand of conventional energy sources can be reduced by the utilization of thermal energy storage (TES) for a couple of reasons. Firstly, they can help create a balance between the supply of energy and the demand in power by generating electricity from renewable energy sources. Secondly, the final energy consumption can be reduced by the utilization of waste heat in industrial process.

3. Sound: It is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves.

4. Electrical Energy: Electrical energy is the energy carried by the movement of electrons in an electrical conductor. It is relatively easy to transmit and use, and thus it is a highly useful form of energy. It is generated, when the electrons are allowed to move on a particular path in any conducting substance like a wire.

1.3 COMMERCIAL AND NON-COMMERCIAL ENERGY

1.3.1 COMMERCIAL ENERGY

These are types of energy, which can be usually found in the market at a fixed rate. Significant types of such energy are known as electricity, coal, and refined petroleum products. Commercial fuels are a predominant source of economic growth as well as the general population also use it for many household tasks.

1.3.2 NON-COMMERCIAL ENERGY

Non-commercial energy is a type of energy, which cannot be found in the commercial market. It is used in rural areas for domestic purposes like cooking, drying, heating of water, etc. Sources of non-commercial are firewood, cattle dung cake, municipal waste, and agricultural waste. They are known as non-conventional fuels, and most of the times are ignored during energy accounting.

1.4 GRADES OF ENERGY

1.4.1 HIGH-GRADE ENERGY

Electrical and chemical energy are known as high-grade energy since their energy density is very high. Small amount of energy can produce a considerable amount of work. The molecules are highly ordered and compact that store these forms of energy and therefore, are considered to be high-grade energy. These are better to use for high-grade applications such as melting metals than simple heating of water.

1.4.2 LOW-GRADE ENERGY

Heat is a prime example of low-grade energy. The molecules, which store this type of energy (solid and liquid molecules), are randomly distributed. This disordered state of the molecules and the dissipated energy are categorized as low-grade energy.

1.5 ENERGY DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN INDIA

1.5.1 ENERGY DEMAND

It has been projected that the worldwide consumption of oil, natural gas, and other energy sources would increase by more than 40% in the year 2035.

This increase in demand will be due to the rise in population, which has been predicted to increase by 25% in the next 20 years especially in countries with emerging economies, such as China and India where improved standards of living, and the rising energy demand from economic output is more likely to add pressure on energy supplies.

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), output generated from resources such as oil sands and other heavy oils has increased massively by tenfold since the year 1980 and not surprisingly is set to rise by quadruple by 2035. The rapid development of liquid-rich shale’s, which uses the same hydraulic fracturing technologies like shale gas, holds much promise if it can be extended globally.

As per WEO New Policies Scenario (NPS) plan, it has been announced by the countries to face the security of energy, change in climate and various challenges related to energy. The 450 scenarios of WEO set a course of energy to have a 50% chance of achieving goals of curbing the rise in average global temperature to about 2°C when a comparison is made with the pre-industrial levels.

Economic structure is reflected by the demand of sectoral energy of a particular country. In the year 2017, India’s largest energy consumer was the building sector and represented 218 Mtoe of the total country demand for the primary energy, which had biomass as the dominant fuel. Industrial sector demand will remain consistent till 2035.

India accounts for more than a quarter of net global primary energy demand growth between 2017 and 2040. 42% of this new energy demand is met through coal. It means CO₂ emissions will roughly double by 2040. Gas production grows but fails to keep pace with demand, implying a significant growth in gas imports.

This has been attributed to the rising demand for electricity in industries and residential/commercial activities. Having a similar direction, the share of power sector has been expectedly rising to about 42% by 2035 under NPS.

1.5.2 ENERGY SUPPLY

In India, the domestic energy production has grown from 502 Mtoe in the year 2009 to 775 Mtoe in 2013 with a compound annual growth rate of 2.9%. Assuming demand growth at a compound annual growth rate of 4% during the same period, domestic supply was not able to keep up its pace with the demand. Largest production source was biomass having a 46% share in 1990; however, it got reduced to 33% in 2009. Coal had the highest production volume increment as raised from 244 Mtoe in 2009 to 341 Mtoe in 2013 at a compound annual growth rate of 4.6%.

Coal represents about one half of the energy production domestically. Natural gas, however, is the fastest-growing fuel with a rise in energy production of domestic energy. The second-largest source was hydro energy, as it accounted for 20% of installed capacity.

1.6 ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA

Primary energy supply which has been normalized concerning the GDP and population for the year 2017. Table 1.1 gives the comparison of India with other regions of the world:

TABLE 1.1
World Energy Statistics

Source: Birol, F. Key World Energy Statistics, International Energy Agency, 2017.

Table 1.1 clearly depicts that per capita electricity consumption in India is very low as compared to the world. It utilized 947 kWh in 2017 compared to 3152 kWh by rest of the world, 7992 kWh by the OECD countries, 4555 kWh by China. However, the efficiency of energy use for producing the gross domestic product for purchasing power parity of India is higher than many countries. Over the period 2021–22, it is projected that there will be a growth rate of 9% TPES requirement. Total 85% of villages have been electrified till now, and around 84 million households in the country still do not have any access to electricity.

It has been noticed that for utilization of over 4000 kWh/person, the graph plateaus out and eventually straighten up. Even those who have power connections have to suffer from power shortages. Consumers and the economy bear a large load due to the bad quality of power supply. As a backup for low voltages, unscheduled power cuts or variable frequency, industries maintain diesel-powered generators whereas the households have invertors with batteries as a backup for low voltages, unscheduled power cuts or variable frequency. Equipment are frequently damaged (due to the erratic electricity supply).

The cost of idle human resources should be added to the loss of production if the power supply has been interrupted. Total amount of electricity has increased by the rate of 7.2%/annum over the last 25 years. This shows an improvement in...