Chronology of Twentieth-Century History: Business and Commerce

Volume II

Frank N. Magill

• Publisher: Taylor & Francis
• Year: 2014
• eBook ISBN: 9781134264698
• Edition: 1
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: World History
• Index: History

First Published in 2004. Volume II provides the hard facts and the history behind the headlines; significant 20th-century events in the evolution of all aspects of business and commerce are described in chronologically-arranged articles. The text of each article is divided into two sections: Summary of the Event describes the event itself and the circumstances leading up to it, and Impact of the Event analyzes the influence of the event on the evolution of business practice or on a major industry in both the short and long terms. Each article concludes with a fully annotated Bibliography.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• 1957 The European Common Market Is Established
• 1957 Ford Introduces the Edsel
• 1957 The AFL-CIO Expels the Teamsters Union
• 1958 Congress Sets Standards for Chemical Additives in Food
• 1958 The Hula Hoop Is Marketed
• 1958 Congress Gives Tax Breaks to Financiers of Small Businesses
• 1958 The Boeing 707 Begins Commercial Service
• 1959 Cuba Begins Expropriating Foreign Property
• 1959 The Landrum-Griffin Act Targets Union Corruption
• 1960s Firms Begin Replacing Skilled Laborers with Automatic Tools
• 1960s New Rice and Wheat Strains Launch the Green Revolution
• 1960s The U.S. Service Economy Emerges
• 1960 Berry Gordy, Jr., Founds Motown Records
• 1960 Radio’s Payola Scandal Leads to Congressional Action
• 1960 OPEC Meets for the First Time
• 1961 The Negotiable Certificate of Deposit Is Introduced
• 1961 The Supreme Court Orders Du Pont to Disburse GM Holdings
• 1961 The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Forms
• 1961 The Agency for International Development Is Established
• 1962 Thalidomide Use Prompts Passage of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment
• 1963 Congress Passes the Equal Pay Act
• 1963 Studebaker Announces Plans to Abandon U.S. Auto Production
• 1963 GPU Announces Plans for a Commercial Nuclear Reactor
• 1964 Sara Lee Opens an Automated Factory
• 1964–1970 Frei “Chileanizes” Chile’s Copper Industry
• 1964 Hoffa Negotiates a National Trucking Agreement
• 1964 The Kennedy-Johnson Tax Cuts Stimulate the U.S. Economy
• 1964 Ford Introduces the Mustang
• 1964 The Civil Rights Act Prohibits Discrimination in Employment
• 1964 The United States Enacts the Interest Equalization Tax
• 1965 American and Mexican Companies Form Maquiladoras
• 1965 Johnson Signs the Medicare and Medicaid Amendments
• 1965 Congress Limits the Use of Billboards
• 1965 The United States Announces Plans for Immigration Reform
• 1965 Congress Passes the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act
• 1965 Nader’s Unsafe At Any Speed Launches a Consumer Movement
• 1965 The Asian Development Bank Is Chartered
• 1966 China Begins the Cultural Revolution
• 1966 Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union
• 1966 Fiat Plans to Build a Factory in the Soviet Union
• 1966 The NFL-AFL Merger Creates a Sports-Industry Giant
• 1967 A European Consortium Plans the Airbus
• 1967 The Supreme Court Rules against a Procter & Gamble Merger
• 1967 McDonnell Aircraft and Douglas Aircraft Merge
• 1967 The EEC Adopts a Common Agricultural Policy
• 1967 AT&T Is Ordered to Reduce Charges
• 1967 Atlantic Richfield Discovers Oil at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
• 1968 Supertankers Begin Transporting Oil
• 1968 Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment
• 1968 British Leyland Motor Corporation Forms by Merger
• 1968 French Workers Engage in a National Strike
• 1968 Congress Passes the Consumer Credit Protection Act
• 1968 The Supreme Court Upholds a Ban on Housing Discrimination
• 1968 The Wholesome Poultry Products Act Is Passed
• 1969 An Offshore Oil Well Blows Out near Santa Barbara, California
• 1969 The Saturday Evening Post Publishes Its Final Issue
• 1969 Congress Begins Hearings on Cost Overruns for the C-5A Galaxy
• 1969 The United States Bans Cyclamates from Consumer Markets
• 1969 The Banning of DDT Signals New Environmental Awareness
• 1970s Denim Jeans Become Accepted as Fashion
• 1970s Drive-Through Services Proliferate
• 1970s The Federal Trade Commission Endorses Comparative Advertising
• 1970s Health Consciousness Creates Huge New Markets
• 1970s Retailers Begin Using High Technology to Control Shrinkage
• 1970s The U.S. Government Reforms Child Product Safety Laws
• 1970 Amtrak Takes Over Most U.S. Intercity Train Traffic
• 1970 Curt Flood Tests Baseball’s Reserve Clause
• 1970 The U.S. Government Bans Cigarette Ads on Broadcast Media
• 1970 Congress Passes the RICO Act
• 1970 Congress Passes the Fair Credit Reporting Act
• 1970 The Environmental Protection Agency Is Created
• 1970 Nixon Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act
• 1971 New York State Allows Off-Track Betting
• 1971 Nixon Removes an Embargo on Trade with China
• 1971 The United States Suffers Its First Trade Deficit Since 1888
• 1971–1974 Nixon’s Anti-Inflation Program Shocks Worldwide Markets
• 1971 The Supreme Court Orders the End of Discrimination in Hiring
• 1971 The U.S. Advertising Industry Organizes Self-Regulation
• 1971 An Independent Agency Takes Over U.S. Postal Service
• 1972 Professional Baseball Players Go on Strike
• 1972 The Pocket Calculator Is Marketed
• 1972 Nixon Signs the Consumer Product Safety Act
• 1973 ITT Actions Cause Suspicion of Involvement in a Chilean Coup
• 1973 Iran Announces Nationalization of Foreign Oil Interests
• 1973 Federal Express Begins Operations
• 1973 Arab Oil Producers Curtail Oil Shipments to Industrial States
• 1973 West Germany Bans Immigration of Workers from Outside the EEC
• 1974 The United States Plans to Cut Dependence on Foreign Oil
• 1974 The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 Is Passed
• 1974 Congress Creates the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
• 1975 Sony Introduces the Betamax
• 1975–1978 Fred Silverman Rescues ABC Television’s Ratings
• 1975 Congress Passes the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act
• 1975 The Economic Community of West African States Forms
• 1975 Congress Prohibits Discrimination in the Granting of Credit
• 1976 Atlantic City Legalizes Casino Gambling
• 1976 The Concorde Flies Passengers at Supersonic Speeds
• 1976 Jobs and Wozniak Found Apple Computer
• 1976 Genentech Is Founded
• 1976 Price Club Introduces the Warehouse Club Concept
• 1976 The 1976 Copyright Act Reflects Technological Change
• 1976 Sears Agrees to an FTC Order Banning Bait-and-Switch Tactics
• 1976 Murdoch Extends His Media Empire to the United States
• 1977 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Pioneers the Leveraged Buyout
• 1977 AT&T and GTE Install Fiber-Optic Telephone Systems
• 1977 The Alaskan Oil Pipeline Opens
• 1978 The FTC Conducts Hearings on Ads Aimed at Children
• 1978 Volkswagen Opens the First Foreign-Owned U.S. Auto Plant
• 1978 Trigger Prices Protect the U.S. Steel Industry
• 1978 Carter Signs the Airline Deregulation Act
• 1978 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act Extends Employment Rights
• 1979 VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software Is Marketed
• 1979 The Three Mile Island Accident Prompts Reforms in Nuclear Power
• 1979 Carter Orders Deregulation of Oil Prices
• 1979 The Supreme Court Rules on Affirmative Action Programs
• 1979 Sony Introduces the Walkman
• 1980s American Firms Adopt Japanese Manufacturing Techniques
• 1980s CAD/CAM Revolutionizes Engineering and Manufacturing
• 1980s Defense Cutbacks Devastate the U.S. Aerospace Industry
• 1980s Electronic Technology Creates the Possibility of Telecommuting
• 1980s U.S. Regional Branch Banking Is Approved
• 1980s Video Rental Outlets Gain Popularity
• 1980 Japan Becomes the World’s Largest Automobile Producer
• 1980–1982 Congress Deregulates Banks and Savings and Loans
• 1980 The Loan Guarantee Act Saves Chrysler
• 1980 The Cable News Network Debuts
• 1980 The Supreme Court Rules on Water Rights
• 1980 The Supreme Court Rules That Life Forms Can Be Patented
• 1981 Reagan Promotes Supply-Side Economics
• 1981 Federal Regulators Authorize Adjustable-Rate Mortgages
• 1981 French Voters Elect Mitterrand
• 1981 The World Health Organization Condemns Use of Infant Formula
• 1981 Air Traffic Controllers of PATCO Declare a Strike
• 1981 IBM Introduces Its Personal Computer
• 1982 Tom Peters Gains Prominence as a Writer on Management
• 1982 AT&T Agrees to Be Broken Up as Part of an Antitrust Settlement
• 1982 Braniff International Suspends Flight Operations
• 1982 Great Britain Announces Plans to Privatize British Telecom
• 1982 Seven People Die After Taking Cyanide-Laced Tylenol
• 1982 USA Today Is Launched
• 1983 Compact Discs Reach the Market
• 1983 Employees Buy Weirton Steel Works
• 1983 The Payment-in-Kind Program Pays U.S. Farmers Not to Plant
• 1983 Continental Airlines Declares Bankruptcy
• 1984 The U.S. Government Bails Out Continental Illinois Bank
• 1984 Pennzoil Sues Texaco for Interfering in Getty Oil Deal
• 1984 Firefighters v. Stotts Upholds Seniority Systems
• 1984 Great Britain and China Agree on Control of Hong Kong
• 1984 Toxic Gas Leaks From a Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, India
• 1985 Yugo Begins Selling Cars in the United States
• 1985 Coca-Cola Introduces a New Formula
• 1985 Home Shopping Service Is Offered on Cable Television
• 1986 The Supreme Court Upholds Quotas as a Remedy for Discrimination
• 1986 Insider Trading Scandals Mar the Emerging Junk Bond Market
• 1986 The Fox Television Network Goes on the Air
• 1986 The Immigration Reform and Control Act Is Signed into Law
• 1986 The Boston Celtics Sell Shares in the Team
• 1987 Vons Opens Its First Tianguis Marketplace
• 1987 The U.S. Government Institutes the Baldrige Award
• 1987 The U.S. Stock Market Crashes on 1987’S “Black Monday”
• 1988 Drexel and Michael Milken Are Charged with Insider Trading
• 1988 The Recruit Scandal Surfaces in Japan
• 1988 Patent Protection Is Granted on Genetically Engineered Mice
• 1988 R. J. Reynolds Introduces Premier, a Smokeless Cigarette
• 1989 Mexico Renegotiates Debt to U.S. Banks
• 1989 The United States Bans Chilean Fruit After Cyanide Scare
• 1989 Bush Responds to the Savings and Loan Crisis
• 1989 Sony Purchases Columbia Pictures
• 1989 Jim Bakker Is Sentenced for Fraud and Conspiracy
• 1989 Ford Buys Jaguar
• 1990s Avon Begins Operations in China
• 1990 Poland Begins Switching to a Market Economy
• 1990 The Soviet Parliament Allows Private Ownership
• 1990 Bush Signs the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
• 1990 Bush Signs the Clean Air Act of 1990
• 1991 U.S. Courts Restrict Rights to Photocopy Anthologies
• 1991 Elimination of Secret Swiss Bank Accounts Ends a Myth
• 1992 The European Market Unifies
• 1992 Euro Disneyland Opens
• 1992 World Leaders Confer on the Environment and Development
• 1993 Bell Atlantic and TCI Announce Merger Plans
• 1994 The North American Free Trade Agreement Goes into Effect
• 1995 The Collapse of Barings
• 1995 U.S./Japanese Trade Relations: An Obligatory Alliance
• 1995 International Business Machines (IBM) Embraces Reengineering
• Indices