Strategy and Ethnocentrism (Routledge Revivals)
Ken Booth
- 190 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
Strategy and Ethnocentrism (Routledge Revivals)
Ken Booth
About This Book
Ken Booth's study, first published in 1979, investigates the way in which cultural distortions have affected the theory and execution of strategy. Its aim is to illustrate the importance of ethnocentrism in all areas of the subject, to follow through its implications and to suggest approaches to the different problems it poses.
Insights are offered into the character of a number of important issues in Cold War international politics, including the superpower arms race, dƩtente, the Middle Eastern crisis, the Soviet arms build-up and the SALT talks. In light of the cost of modern warfare, it is all the more important to avoid strategic failures in the future. Strategy and Ethnocentrism aims to alert students of military and strategic studies to some ways of minimising the risks of failure in an age when war is increasingly characterised by racial, cultural and religious conflict.
Frequently asked questions
Information
1 CONCEPTS AND PROPOSITIONS
The socio-psychological map of the world may be thought of as largely reducible to a cultural map. Charles A. ManningIf triangles had a god, he would have three sides. Montesquieu
Concepts
Culture
Ethnocentrism
- As a term to describe feelings of group centrality and superiority. This was the original meaning when the term was introduced by W. G. Sumner in 1906: ethnocentrism is the View of things in which oneās own group is the centre of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to itā. 5 This original meaning has been retained. The characteristic features of ethnocentrism in this sense include: strong identification with oneās own group and its culture, the tendency to see oneās own group as the centre of the universe, the tendency to perceive events in terms of oneās own interests, the tendency to prefer oneās own way of life (culture) over all others (seeing it as involving the best and right ways of acting, with an associated bias against other groups and their ways of acting), and a general suspicion of foreigners, their modes of thought, action and motives. 6 In these senses, ethnocentrism has been a universal social phenomenon.
- As a technical term to describe a faulty methodology in the social sciences. In attempting to understand other societies, social scientists, like all other social groups, tend to āprivilegeā their own conceptual systems, and so distort their picture of what other groups may actually be doing. In this technical sense ethnocentrism involves the projection of oneās own frame of reference onto others. It is: āthe tendency to assess aspects of other cultures in terms of oneās own culture, and thus in social science research to apply in a biased and improper fashion the standards and values of oneās own culture in the study and analysis of other cultures. Such bias is often caused by an implicit or explicit belief in the superiority of oneās own culture.ā 7 Such ethnocentric perceptions will clearly have considerable theoretical and practical significance in international relations. āCultural relativismā is the technical term used to describe the effort to overcome ethnocentric bias.
- As a synonym for being āculture-boundā. Being culture-bound is a necessary condition for ethnocentric perception, and sometimes the terms are used synonymously. Being culture-bound refers to the inability of an individual or group to see the world through the eyes of a different national or ethnic group: it is the inability to put aside oneās own cultural attitudes and imaginatively recreate the world from the perspective of those belonging to a different group. This means that it is almost impossible to empathise with foreigners. In this sense, again, ethnocentrism is a virtually universal phenomenon.
Cultural Relativism
National Character
Propositions
- Ethnocentrism is one of the factors which can seriously interfere with rational strategic planning.
- Together with other mechanisms (psychological, historical and bureaucratic) ethnocentrism can distort important aspects of strategic thinking, especially where problems of perception and prediction are involved.
- Strategists as a body are remarkably incurious about the character of their enemies and allies. Ethnocentrism is one way in which individuals and groups consciously and subconsciously evade reality.
- Ethnocentrism is an inadequate and dangerous basis for strategic studies, but it has been neglected as a source of misperception in strategy and has not been the cause of much methodological anguish.
- Ethnocentrism in recent history has been a source of mistakes in strategic practice and misconceptions in theorising about strategy. This is disconcerting in a policy science such as strategy where the costs of mistakes are always high.
- From a narrow military viewpoint, ethnocentrism is not always dysfunctional.
- Ethnocentrism interacts with the irreducible predicaments of international security, and intensifies them.
- Threat assessment is not concerned just with ācapabilitiesā and āintentionsā, but also with the ways in which capabilities and intentions are perceived and misperceived. Images are the source of politico-military behaviour. Threat assessment is therefore seriously vulnerable to ethnocentric distortion.
- Strategic studies have become very inbred. The subject needs a more interdisciplinary approach, to the extent of abolishing āacademic strategistsā as they have developed in the last twenty years.
- The construct of rational Strategic Man as a tool for thinking about the world is a dangerous distortion. It needs replacing by a move towards āstrategy with a human faceā.
- Civilian strategists and policy planners need to āretoolā in order to take account of ethnocentric bias.
- Strategists as a profession have not accommodated, in deed or word, to the problems of conflict and stability in a multicultural world.
- The pursuit of cultural and strategic relativism is a liberating experience; it is a useful antidote to the grip of ethnocentrism, ignorance and megalogic.
- Strategy is a vital but misunderstood activity: it is too significant to be left in the hands of any narrow professional group.
- Better strategic studies are not necessarily synonymous with better strategic ...