Introduction
The passage and coming into force of the company charge provisions of the Companies Act 2006,1 has, for the time being at any rate, signalled the end of serious debate about the reform of English personal property security (PPS) law.2 Given the amount of work that has gone into reforming this area, it is a modest statement to say that the ânewâ company charge provisions are a disappointment. The topic of reform has been on the agenda since 1998 when the Company Law Review project started, but the reform issue has a much longer pedigree stretching back to the early 1970s.3 This chapter will charter the evolution of security interests under English law and the regulatory response to the growth and take-up of security which has fuelled the economy since the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution. Given the current economic crisis that started with excessive risk taking in the financial sector,4 which quickly spread to the general economy, it is opportune to consider the fundamentals of security and the risk management process that the taking of security implies.
The concept and meaning of âsecurity interestâ
Fundamental to the basis of this chapter is the notion of security and it is, therefore, appropriate at this stage to consider the basic concept of a security interest. The question of classifying the nature of a security interest has prompted much conflicting academic debate5 and it is safe to say that the security concept, in a definitional sense,
remains one of the more elusive notions in legal science. On a general level there is no statutory concept6 of a security interest and one is forced to look to the common law to furnish an answer.
Under the broad rubric of security it is possible to find two main types of situation in which the term is used:
(a) consensual security which arises by way of contractual agreement; and7
(b) legal security which arises by operation of law.8
A further sub-division, applicable to both types of security, is also warranted in that both can be sub-divided into:
(a) real security; and
(b) quasi security.
The difference between these sub-classes is that in the case of real security we are concerned with the grant of an interest by way of security, whereas in the case of quasi security recourse is gained against some form of proprietary interest otherwise than by way of grant. This essay is primarily concerned with the regulation of consensual security interests and it is to them that we must now turn.
The consensual security interest
We must, therefore, now address our attention to consensual security interests. This heading has been subdivided into real security and quasi security to encompass two main threads of reasoning behind the main heading, although some commentators
would deny that there is any division at all.9 To a layperson the concept of possessing a right of security might be described (if one will forgive the tautology) âas the condition of being secureâ.10 Given such a definition, one would simply look at a commercial transaction and see if the lender was âsecureâ in the event of the debtorâs failure to repay a debt or perform some other type of obligation, in order to determine whether a security interest could be said to exist. The condition of being âsecureâ under such a test would probably remain a subjective assessment, although in practice it would mean no more than that the debtor had some additional means of recovering the debtorâs deficiency, from whatever source.
From a legalistic approach, the question of defining a consensual security interest is more problematic. Although the lay definition given above is general enough to cover a real security interest, the legal definition is far more circumspect. It may be described as follows: a real security interest arises by agreement of the contracting parties and involves the grant of an interest over the property of the debtor (i.e. the person who owes the obligation) in order to secure the performance of the primary duty or obligation the debtor is under.11 For these purposes a declaration of trust by a debtor that he holds property as a trustee in order to secure his performance of a duty or obligation towards the creditor/beneficiary also creates a security interest. The existence of a real security postulates at least a two-party consensual agreement to such effect, since a person cannot have a charge over his own property because