The Female Crucifix

Images of St. Wilgefortis Since the Middle Ages

Ilse E. Friesen

• Publisher: Wilfrid Laurier University Press
• Year: 2006
• eBook ISBN: 9780889209398
• Topic: Theology & Religion
• Subtopic: Religious Art

Featuring more than twenty illustrations, including several works of art that were rediscovered by the author and are published here for the first time, The Female Crucifix: Images of St. Wilgefortis Since the Middle Ages provides a new perspective on a very old phenomenon.

The legendary bearded female St. Wilgefortis, also known by a variety of other names including "Kummernis" and "Uncumber," was the object of fervent veneration in areas of Western and Central Europe for almost half a millennium.

Beginning in the fifteenth century, the legend of her dramatic transformation from a beautiful, privileged princess into a bearded, Christlike martyr on the cross inspired scores of paintings, sculptures, poems, prayers and shrines in her honour all across Europe. In spite of frequent opposition by the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, her cult of veneration at one point nearly rivaled that of the Virgin Mary in some parts of Europe.

In this informative and groundbreaking new book, Professor Ilse E. Friesen examines the phenomenon of St. Wilgefortis from an art historical perspective, tracing the origins of depictions of the saint from an early medieval Italian statue known as Volto Santo, or "holy face," through the emergence of increasingly feminized crucifixes over the course of the subsequent centuries. In particular, Professor Friesen focuses on an analysis of paintings, sculptures and frescoes originating in the German-speaking regions of Bavaria and Tyrol, where the veneration of the saint attained its peak.

With its emphasis on art as situated in the context of religion, spirituality, mythology, popular literature and gender relations, this book will have wide appeal.

Table of contents

• Table of Contents
• List of Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Plates
• Introduction
• 1. The Crucifixion as the Resurrection: The Volto Santo and the Triumphal Crucifix
• 2. Becoming Like Christ: Gender Integration, Imitation and Identification
• 3. The Origin of the Fiddler and the Legend of Gmünd
• 4. St. Ontkommer and St. Uncumber: Images from Holland and England
• 5. “Wilgefortis Sive Liberata”: The Bavarian Cult of the Female Crucifix in Neufahrn
• 6. The Kümmernis Chapel of Burghausen in Bavaria
• 7. St. Kummernus or St. Kümmernis in Tyrol
• 8. The Bearded Woman and the Phenomenon of Hirsutism: Past and Present
• 9. “Christa” and the Blending of Gender in Contemporary Society
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index