Cognitive Informatics, Computer Modelling, and Cognitive Science

Volume 2: Application to Neural Engineering, Robotics, and STEM

G. R. Sinha, Jasjit Suri, Jasjit S. Suri

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780128194454
• eBook ISBN: 9780128194461
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Cognitive Informatics, Computer Modelling, and Cognitive Science: Volume Two, Application to Neural Engineering, Robotics, and STEM presents the practical, real-world applications of Cognitive Science to help readers understand how it can help them in their research, engineering and academic pursuits. The book is presented in two volumes, covering Introduction and Theoretical Background, Philosophical and Psychological Theory, and Cognitive Informatics and Computing. Volume Two includes Statistics for Cognitive Science, Cognitive Applications and STEM Case Studies. Other sections cover Cognitive Informatics, Computer Modeling and Cognitive Science: Application to Neural Engineering, Robotics, and STEM.The book's authors discuss the current status of research in the field of Cognitive Science, including cognitive language processing that paves the ways for developing numerous tools for helping physically challenged persons, and more.- Identifies how foundational theories and concepts in cognitive science are applicable in other fields- Includes a comprehensive review of cognitive science applications in multiple domains, applying it to neural engineering, robotics, computer science and STEM- Presents basic statistics and cognitive maps, testing strategies of hypothesis, maximum likelihood estimator, Bayesian statistics, and discrete probability models of neural computation- Contains in-depth technical coverage of cognitive applications and case studies, including neuro-computing, brain modeling, cognitive ability and cognitive robots

Chapter 1

Approaches from cognitive neuroscience and comparative cognition

Koushik CSN, Shruti Bhargava Choubey and Abhishek Choubey, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, India

Abstract

Cognitive science is basically the study of the psychological behavior of the tasks and the processes that human mind usually performs. It can be used to develop the computational models that are used to study the next sequential step, taken with the help of intelligence (artificial intelligence) which is derived mathematically. Python is a powerful tool that can be used for this cognitive science research where it is used for modeling the intelligence either mathematically or analytically. The tool can help increase the understanding of the developers of data by using a tree-like structure. The tree-like structure can be empathized as a neuron that can form clusters and have complex activities, which can be used for implementation. There are many other methods to represent data such as matrices and graphs, used in order to represent neural network. The neurons can be considered transistors or silicon chips that can be used to process data on the basis of programing, and similar results can be achieved what a normal human brain does. A Bayesian framework has been used to compare between the users and the data that can be processed cognitively by neurons.

Keywords

Python; cognitive science; tree-like structure; artificial intelligence; neuroscience; Bayesian framework

1.1 Introduction

Through programing the current technology advancement has eventually made the use of present-day hardware and software easier for the advancement of the programing language that is used presently. Python, a very powerful tool, is used to perform the required task with an ease such that the programmer need not remember any syntaxes and codes or anything in normal human-understandable language. With the help of the python, one can develop high-level systems to process the data that have been collected by developing artificial intelligence (AI) system that can perform various tasks, thus showing the best alternative that one can proceed with [1].

1.2 Cognitive science

Cognitive science is the study that usually depicts how the mind works in any scenario and analyzes it on the basis of the way the nervous system perceives or receives, in a particular condition, the data that are being given as inputs to it and does the corresponding actions. Through cognitive science one can enhance their language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotions and predicts, if required, the best next alternative. It plays a major role in the decision-making process of the individual, which can be represented as computational procedures for an effective understanding of the analysis that can be made. It could be understood from the topics like literature, psychology, AI, philosophy, neural science, and anthropology (Fig. 1.1) [1].

Figure 1.1 Applications of cognitive science [1].

Psychology is that branch of science which basically deals with emotions and the perceptional ability of an individual that has effects on one’s behavior as per situation one pertains to be; in a simple way, it basically depicts how a person gets affected when he/she is subjected to the changes in the surroundings and the emotional state or any trauma, by studying how the person’s brain reacts to those variations in the sensory input. It can help various researchers to understand the difference between humans and animals as to how they tend to differ in terms of various subjected conditions. Human brain is mainly affected by depression or stress; when one undergoes that state, his/her behavior gets affected tremendously. The person’s mental state can also be easily affected by the hormonal levels in the body as well. For instance, the person can become angry or irritated or suddenly depressed, for the change in the hormonal levels, and it can even develop various sorts of behavioral complexes that can affect personality traits to a great extent.

On the other hand, physiological science deals with how the organs or any part of the body works in an effective manner for the changes in inputs or emotions or chemical substances secreted in the body by it and the duration for which these are subjected to the body. The physiology may be considered only for the operational part/functionality of the part; but when studied further, it is understood that it can have an effect on the brain’s thinking process as to how it affects its functionality. If the body falls ill, it has a great impact on it; especially, if the person can have a trauma based on the intensity of the sickness, which develops as a result of the stress or depression and can even further develop suicidal tendencies in the individual, which can affect the concentration of the brain as well as of the individual from its respective activities.

Linguistics or philosophy deals with the language or literature in its own respective manner that one reads or writes. While an individual reads or writes any literary text, it can leave a huge impact on the person who comes across it. Literary works have a great impact on the individual’s mind as a result of which the behavior of the individual can also vary based on how the individual gets obsessed with it. The person can be motivated or diverted; accordingly the behavioral patterns need to be analyzed in order to prevent any sort of behavioral disruptions that can be done in order for the individual to work. The individual can take it in an optimistic way or can take the entire work of the author in a pessimistic way, which can greatly do harm to the individual at some point of time in the mere future, and it solely depends upon the individual’s perceptional ability and even based on the past experiences.

Hence in the field of cognitive neuroscience, it plays an important role in determining the behavioral pattern of an individual, when subjected to a wide range of emotional stimuli having a great impact on the individual’s mindset. It plays a major role in the AI system or neural network system wherein the implementation of the next step in the process occurs in an accurate sequence. As a result there would be an ease in the representation of the outcome and have a better understanding of the behavioral patterns of the network in the system. It can also be implemented with the help of the data analytic algorithms to analyze the future patterns in the behavior of the system model that is being depicted. It becomes an important work of the psychiatrists to do the understanding of the individual’s mind and diagnose if required. The analysis of the patterns needs to be achieved in an efficient way by the use of the AI algorithms, and the coding for the corresponding methods needs to be done via any language that can be highly apt for the coders and even for the end users to use it with high level of abstraction.

1.3 Neuroscience

Neuroscience is a multidisciplinary branch of medical science, which is majorly concerned with the field of science of the nervous system. It basically deals with the study of the operational or functionality activities of the brain and even studies the structure of the brain and spinal cord in detail. Neural science generally helps one to find the solutions to various problems that arise to these important parts of the body via medicinal therapies that are available and feasible to the individual. It deals with, in particular, the cellular and molecular biology of the organs related to the nervous system as its physiology, anatomy, and required pharmacology of the nervous system. It also deals with the psychological behavior of the individual through computational/behavioral and cognitive neuroscience methods. It is highly complex in nature to understand, and many people are doing their best in their respective fields of research, so that they can find a way to solve all the problems pertaining to the central nervous system (CNS), especially to that of the brain and spinal cord. Due to a huge number of interconnectivities among the neurons, it becomes difficult to analyze and diagnose the problems related to them. If any of the interconnections is disturbed, the entire operation-performing cells of that particular area can be dead or paralyzed; hence, in order to proceed with further course of action, an efficient way has to be found for the treatment of the problems.

The human brain consists of three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem (medulla oblongata). It can be divided into many lobes and consists of various parts filled by neuronal cells. These cells have the ability to do processing, analyzing, and reasoning. It has gray and white matter based on the density of the neurons. The brain is connected to the spinal cord. The transmission of the signals takes place based on the electrical pulses that are generated. They are transmitted with the help of the synaptic transmission that takes place at the synapse of the neurons. These neurons all together constitute a nerve that tends to be as single wire. Any damage to these nerves can cause lot of mental and physical damage to the body and to the individual as well. Each individual has their own perceptional abilities based on the development of the gray and white matter area in the brain and the spinal cord. Hence, there will be times wherein there will be clashes of opinion among the people. When the clashes arise, there will be an impact on the individual’s mentality.

It can be achieved by developing an AI system; along with the deep-learning algorithms, it can help us to detect the problems, and we can even find the best way to diagnose the problem based on its prediction. People at p...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• List of contributors
• Editors’ biographies
• Authors’ biography
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1. Approaches from cognitive neuroscience and comparative cognition
• Chapter 2. Functional neuroanatomy and disorders of cognition
• Chapter 3. A cognitive system of elderly exercise evaluation with sensors and robots
• Chapter 4. Models of making choice and control over thought for action
• Chapter 5. Speech recognition technique for identification of raga
• Chapter 6. Future of cognitive science
• Chapter 7. Application of virtual reality systems to psychology and cognitive neuroscience research
• Chapter 8. Electrodermal activity and its effectiveness in cognitive research field
• Chapter 9. Study of modern brain-imaging and -signaling techniques for brain–computer interface
• Chapter 10. Reading an extremist mind through literary language: approaching cognitive literary hermeneutics to R.N. Tagore’s play The Post Office for neuro-computational predictions
• Chapter 11. REAH: Resolution Engine for Anaphora in Hindi dialogue
• Chapter 12. Surveying various effective modes and research trends on cognitive Internet of Things over wireless sensor network
• Chapter 13. Time and feature specific sentiment analysis of product reviews
• Chapter 14. Language learnability analysis of Hindi: a comparison with ideal and constrained learning approaches
• Chapter 15. A special report on changing trends in preventive stroke/cardiovascular risk assessment via B-mode ultrasonography
• Chapter 16. A healthcare text classification system and its performance evaluation: a source of better intelligence by characterizing healthcare text
• Index