The ESD Control Program Handbook

Jeremy M. Smallwood

• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9781118311035
• eBook ISBN: 9781118694558
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Provides the understanding and practical skills needed to develop and maintain an effective ESD control program for manufacturing, storage, and handling of ESD sensitive components

This essential guide to ESD control programs explains the principles and practice of ESD control in an easily accessible way whilst also providing more depth and a wealth of references for those who want to gain a deeper knowledge of the subject. It describes static electricity and ESD principles such as triboelectrification, electrostatic fields, and induced voltages, with the minimum of theory or mathematics. It is designed for the reader to "dip into" as required, rather than need to read cover to cover.

The ESD Control Program Handbook begins with definitions and commonly used terminology, followed by the principles of static electricity and ESD control. Chapter 3 discusses ESD susceptible electronic devices, and how ESD susceptibility of a component is measured.  This is followed by the "Seven habits of a highly effective ESD program", explaining the essential activities of an effective ESD control program. While most texts mainly address manual handling of ESD susceptible devices, Chapter 5 extends the discussion to ESD control in automated systems, processes and handling, which form a major part of modern electronic manufacture.

Chapter 6 deals with requirements for compliance given by the IEC 61340-5-1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 ESD control standards.

Chapter 7 gives an overview of the selection, use, care and maintenance of equipment and furniture commonly used to control ESD risks. The chapter explains how these often work together as part of a system and must be specified with that in mind.

ESD protective packaging is available in an extraordinary range of forms from bags, boxes and bubble wrap to tape and reel packaging for automated processes. The principles and practice of this widely misunderstood area of ESD control are introduced in Chapter 8.  The thorny question of how to evaluate an ESD control program is addressed in Chapter 9 with a goal of compliance with a standard as well as effective control of ESD risks and possible customer perceptions.

Whilst evaluating an existing ESD control program provides challenges, developing an ESD control program from scratch provides others. Chapter 10 gives an approach to this.

Standard test methods used in compliance with ESD control standards are explained and simple test procedures given in Chapter 11.

ESD Training has long been recognised as essential in maintaining effective ESD control. Chapter 12 discusses ways of covering essential topics and how to demonstrate static electricity in action. The book ends with a look at where ESD control may go in the near future.

 

The ESD Control Program Handbook:

 

• Gives readers a sound understanding of the subject to analyze the ESD control requirements of manufacturing processes, and develop an effective ESD control program
• Provides practical knowledge, as well as sufficient theory and background to understand the principles of ESD control
• Teaches how to track and identify how ESD risks arise, and how to identify fitting means for minimizing or eliminating them
• Emphasizes working with modern ESD control program standards IEC 61340-5-1 and ESD S20:20

The ESD Control Program Handbook is an invaluable reference for anyone tasked with setting up, evaluating, or maintaining an effective ESD control program, training personnel, or making ESD control related measurements. It would form an excellent basis for a University course on the subject as well as a guide and resource for industry professionals.

1
Definitions and Terminology

As with any specialist subject there are many terms that are the “jargon” of the subject that can be confusing to the newcomer. There are also terms that have specific meanings in the context of these standards but may have different meanings in common parlance. The intention here is not to give strict and rigorous academic definitions, but to assist the newcomer to the field to understand the following chapters.

Sometimes a range of meanings is common in different industries. For example, the terms conductive, static dissipative, insulative or insulating, and antistatic can mean many different things to different people from different industry areas or in the context of different standards or electrostatic discharge (ESD) control product types. In most cases, only the meaning common in ESD control, and in particular in the context of the IEC 61340‐5‐1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 and related standards, is emphasized here.

The task of supervising an ESD control program is often given to personnel from many technical and educational backgrounds. For this reason, the minimum of prior technical knowledge is assumed in this book.

Despite this, some of the terms used in this document are defined with basic mathematical relationships given where appropriate. This is because simple mathematics often helps to clarify the subject and, in some cases, may be essential to helping the user understand how to specify aspects of an ESD control program. In many cases, these aspects, and their practical importance and application, are discussed further in Chapter 2.

1.1 Scientific Notation and SI Unit Prefixes

In electrostatics and ESD work, we often have to deal with very large or very small numbers. For example, the resistance of a material may be measured to be 10 000 000 000 Ω. For convenience and clarity, we use scientific notation and SI unit prefixes as shorthand for numbers (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html).

In scientific notation, the number is rewritten in the form a × 10^b, where a lies between 1 and 10, and b is the number of decimal places a must be shifted to get the full number. This is probably most easily understood by examples of resistance and capacitance (Table 1.1). Sometimes, when the number a is simply 1, it is omitted.

Table 1.1 Examples of use of scientific notation and SI prefixes.

Value	Scientific notation	SI prefix
150 Ω	1.5 × 10^2 Ω	150 Ω
22 000 Ω	2.2 × 10^4 Ω	22 kΩ
35 000 000 Ω	3.5 × 10^7 Ω	35 MΩ
1 000 000 000 Ω	1.0 × 10^9 Ω or 10^9 Ω	1 GΩ
1 000 000 000 000 Ω	1.0 × 10^12 Ω or 10^12 Ω	1 TΩ
0.000 022 F	2.2 × 10^−5 F	22 μF
0.000 000 001 F	1.0 × 10^−9 F or 10^−9 Ω	1 nF
0.000 000 000 15 F	1.5 × 10^−10 F	150 pF
0.000 000 000 001 F	1.0 × 10^−12 F	1 pF

1.2 Charge, Electrostatic Fields, and Voltage

1.2.1 Charge

The charge is a property of elementary particles – electrons and protons – that make up the atoms of all materials. All materials are made up of positively charged atomic nuclei and negative electrons (Cross 1987). The charge on a proton in the nucleus is labeled positive, and the charge on an electron is labeled negative. The charge effects of a proton are equal and opposite to those of an electron, so if a proton and electron are together in an atom, their effects cancel exactly. In this case, the a...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Definitions and Terminology
• 2 The Principles of Static Electricity and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Control
• 3 Electrostatic Discharge–Sensitive (ESDS) Devices
• 4 The Seven Habits of a Highly Effective ESD Program
• 5 Automated Systems
• 6 ESD Control Standards
• 7 Selection, Use, Care, and Maintenance of Equipment and Materials for ESD Control
• 8 ESD Control Packaging
• 9 How to Evaluate an ESD Control Program
• 10 How to Develop an ESD Control Program
• 11 ESD Measurements
• 12 ESD Training
• 13 The Future
• A AAppendix A: An Example Draft ESD Control ProgramAppendix A: An Example Draft ESD Control Program
• Index
• End User License Agreement