Pipeline Integrity

Management and Risk Evaluation

Ramesh Singh

• Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9780128130469
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Pipeline engineers, operators, and plant managers are responsible for the safety of pipelines, facilities, and staying on top of regulatory compliance and maintenance. However, they frequently need reference materials to support their decision, and many new pipeline engineers and plant managers are responsible for major repairs and decisions yet do not have the proper reference to set a holistic integrity plan in place. Pipeline Integrity, Second Edition delivers necessary pipeline inspection methods, identification of hazard mechanisms, risk and consequence evaluations, and repair strategies. Covering relevant standards and processes for risk, assessment, and integrity management, this go-to reference provides the principles that guide these concepts enhanced with more critical regulatory information and easier organization betwen liquid and gas pipelines. More detailed information is provided on asset reliability, including risk-based inspection and other inspection prioritizing tools such as value-driven maintenance and evidence-based asset management. Pipeline Integrity, Second Edition continues to provide engineers and plants managers a vital resource for keeping their pipelines and facilities safe and efficient.- Set an integrity management plan and safe assessment program while properly characterizing impact of risk- Get updated with new information on corrosion control, gas and liquid hydrocarbon transportation risk management and asset integrity management- Understand and apply all the latest and critical oil and gas pipeline standards, both U.S. and international-based

Part 1

Pipeline Risk, Consequences & Engineering Assessment

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Basic Concept of Risk Management and Risk Defined

3. Data Collection

4. Risk Assessment Tools

5. Hazards and threats To a pipeline system

6. Regulatory Approach to Risk Management

7. Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipeline Risk Management

8. Gas Transportation Pipeline Risk Management

1

Introduction

Abstract

This chapter introduces the concept of risk management and the mandatory risk management requirements for pipelines. This also introduces the general understanding of terms such as high-consequences areas, importance of data collection, sources of data, and how to make use of available data.

Keywords

Consequence analysis; Data collection and analysis; Dynamic segmentation; Failure mode; Hazard zone; Leak impact factor; Managing the risks; RCA; Risk; Supplemental assessments

The transportation of oil and gas and other hazardous fluids is done in several ways. They are transported through pipelines, surface transports such as railroad tankers and road tanker trucks, over water transports such as ocean-going ship tankers, or smaller tankers or barges in coastal waters and rivers. There is always a possibility for any transportation system to fail during its operation, and the failure is associated with the risk of loss of fluid and damage to lives and properties. The concept of risk management (RM) is a conscientious effort to assess and analyze the risk and then develop plans and methods to contain the severity of the risk.

RM has been embraced by both the pipeline industry and regulatory agencies as a way to increase public safety and also to optimize all aspects of pipeline design, operations, and maintenance. The focus of RM is to establish a program that follows industry best practices, gives a long-term decision support tool to the pipeline owner and the operator, and instills confidence in public about the safe operations of pipeline passing through their neighborhood (Table 1.1.1).

The RM process typically begins with a review of the risks associated with the specific pipeline systems or a segment of the system, compares it with the RM concepts and methodologies, and then focuses on the most effective RM techniques that can be applied. These available techniques are currently used by the pipeline industry in RM process. In general all available techniques make their estimates based on the severity of pipeline releases in air or surrounding environment in terms of:

Table 1.1.1

ASME B31.8S Mandatory Risk Assessment for Gas pipelines

Pipe Operating Above Percentage of SMYS	First Inspection After Construction Within (Years)
Above 60	10
Above 50 but less than 60	13
Above 30 but less than 50	15
Below 30	20

ASME B31.8S gives a list of criteria in Appendix A, which addresses the subjects such as pipeline material, design conditions, construction and inspection, and operating history. It sets out some strict guidelines for inspection frequency based on the percentage of SMYS over the years. SMYS, specified minimum yield strength.

• the potential volume of product that could be released,

• the physical pathways and dispersion mechanisms by which the product could move to a high consequence area (HCA) in terms of environmental damage or hazard to life and property, and

• the amount of product that might actually reach the boundaries of the HCA.

The emphasis throughout is practical, ready-to-apply techniques that would yield positive and cost-effective benefits.

The RM process can be structured so that it is appropriate for application, either to a new or an existing pipeline system. Understanding the concepts and principles listed below helps the risk manager to focus on the task as a more knowledgeable person.

• Basic concepts of risk

• Risk assessment processes

• The indexing technique

• Failure modes

• Consequence analysis

• Hazard zone calculations

• Leak impact factor

• Supplemental assessments

• Data collection and analysis

• QA/QC of data

• Dynamic segmentation

• Using common spreadsheet and desktop database tools

• Managing the risks

• Resource allocation modeling

• Practical applications

• Integrity management and RM

Subsequent chapters of this part of the book will delve on some of the following concepts and principles.

• Concept of RM and risk defined

• Data collection and analysis

• Risk assessment concepts and tools

• Identification of hazards that lead to failure

• Determining consequence of failure and identification of HCA

2

Basic Concept of Risk Management and Risk Defined

Abstract

In this chapter we study the concept of risk, relation of risk to probability and consequence as applicable to integrity management. We will discuss understanding and rating of risk, approach taken to mitigate risk, steps taken to either eliminate or at least reduce the severity of consequences. The concepts of acquired knowledge, knowledge of pipeline system and risk associated with it, modeling methods used to assess risk, and the concept of relative risk and absolute risk are explained.

Keywords

Hazard; Probability; Product characteristics; Receptors; Relative vs absolute risk; Risk; Spill spread

Chapter Outline

What is risk?

What is probability?

What is consequence?

Relation of risk with integrity management

What is risk management?

What is risk assessment?

Test of acquired knowledge

Room for complacency—result not to be taken for granted

Know the pipe system and associated risk

Measure the completeness of the assessment model

Relative risk versus absolute risk

Risk is associated with failure of the pipeline or the equipment in the pipeline system, or system as a whole. Hence,...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Foreword to The Second Edition
• Foreword by Trevor Paananen
• Preface to The Second Edition
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Part 1. Pipeline Risk, Consequences & Engineering Assessment
• Part 2. Pipeline Integrity Evaluation and Engineering Assessment
• Part 3. Pipeline Material
• Asset Integrity Book of Knowledge
• References and Bibliography
• Index