Organic Materials as Smart Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery

Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

• Publisher: William Andrew
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9780128136638
• eBook ISBN: 9780128136645
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Nanoscience

Organic Materials as Smart Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery presents the latest developments in the area of organic frameworks used in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. An up-to-date overview of organic smart nanocarriers is explored, along with the different types of nanocarriers, including polymeric micelles, cyclodextrins, hydrogels, lipid nanoparticles and nanoemlusions. Written by a diverse range of international academics, this book is a valuable reference for researchers in biomaterials, the pharmaceutical industry, and those who want to learn more about the current applications of organic smart nanocarriers.- Explores the most recent molecular- and structure-based applications of organic smart nanocarriers in drug delivery- Highlights different smart nanocarriers and assesses their intricate organic structural properties for improving drug delivery- Assesses how molecular organic frameworks lead to more effective drug delivery systems

Chapter 1

Metal–organic frameworks as expanding hybrid carriers with diverse therapeutic applications

Sarwar Beg¹, Atul Jain², Sumant Saini², Teenu Sharma², M. Saquib Hasnain³, Syed Sarim Imam⁴, Imran Kazmi⁴, Mahfoozur Rahman⁵, Sohail Akhter^6,7 and Bhupinder Singh², ¹Jubilant Generics Limited, Noida, India, ²Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, ³Shri Venkateswara University, Gajrola, India, ⁴Glocal University, Saharanpur, India, ⁵SIHAS, SHUATS, Allahabad, India, ⁶Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, ⁷Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire-CNRS UPR4301, University of Orléans Rue Charles Sadron, Orléans, France

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained much attention and proliferate as porous nanoscaled hybrid polymer–metal composites. These polymeric nanomaterials possess innumerable applications such as gas storage, gas/vapor separation, sensor, catalysis, imaging, luminescence, drug delivery and biomedical applications. The structure of MOFs is characterized by an open framework that can be porous. MOFs consist of transition-metal cations, polydentate organic linkers, and metal ions linked through coordination bonds. The unique physical and chemical characteristics of MOFs are attributed to both their organic and inorganic component. This unique blend of properties makes them suitable for application in the field of material science, biology, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery. Biodegradability, excellent porosity, high loading capacity, and ease of surface modification are the major advantages offered by them. Accordingly, this chapter provides a an overview of various types of MOFs, their characterization and applications in diverse disciplines of biomedical sciences, with particular focus on drug delivery and theranostics; highlighting the stability and toxicity issues of MOFs, along with their market potential.

Keywords

Metal organic frameworks; transition metal; drug delivery; theranostics; biosensors; biodegradability; hybrid polymer–metal composites

Chapter Outline

• 1.1 Introduction 2
• 1.2 Classification of Metal–Organic Frameworks 5
• 1.3 Synthesis Approaches of Metal–Organic Frameworks 6
• 1.4 Physicochemical Characterization of Metal–Organic Frameworks 6
• 1.5 Classification of Metal–Organic Frameworks 8
  • 1.5.1 Amorphous Metal–Organic Framework Structures 8
  • 1.5.2 Crystalline Metal–Organic Frameworks Structures 9
  • 1.5.3 Nanoscale Structures of Metal–Organic Frameworks 9
  • 1.5.4 Structure of Biometal–Organic Frameworks 10
  • 1.5.5 Luminescent Metal–Organic Framework Structures 11
• 1.6 Surface Modification of Metal–Organic Frameworks 11
  • 1.6.1 Polymer-Grafted Metal–Organic Frameworks 12
  • 1.6.2 Peptide-Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks 13
  • 1.6.3 PEGylated Metal–Organic Frameworks 13
• 1.7 Applications of the Metal–Organic Frameworks 13
  • 1.7.1 Chemical Catalysis 13
  • 1.7.2 Storage of Various Gases 15
  • 1.7.3 Biosensors 15
  • 1.7.4 Drug Delivery Carriers 18
  • 1.7.5 Cancer Therapy 20
  • 1.7.6 Delivery of Biomolecules 21
  • 1.7.7 Cellular Trafficking 21
  • 1.7.8 Antibacterial Properties 21
  • 1.7.9 Photodynamic Therapy 22
  • 1.7.10 Computer Modeling 22
  • 1.7.11 In Vitro Activity 23
  • 1.7.12 Diagnostic Agents 23
• 1.8 Biodegradability and Stability 24
• 1.9 Toxicity and Safety Consideration 25
• 1.10 Industrial Scalability and Market Potential 26
• 1.11 Conclusions 26
• References 26

1.1 Introduction

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline nanomaterials or coordination polymers, first discovered by Robson in 1989. They consist of a three-dimensional collection of inorganic and organic linkers associated by rigid bi- or multipodal organic linkers (Eddaoudi et al., 2001; Spokoyny et al., 2009; Beg et al., 2016). Since the discovery and knowledge of several applications of MOFs is expanding, the whole scientific world is taking interest in the modification and advancement of MOFs for nanobiomedical, catalysis, separation, magnetism, storage, luminescence, drug delivery, photo sensitive, and other applications (Cui et al., 2012; Zhang and Xiong, 2012). This has led to the need for the synthesis of a new porous coordination polymer, resulting in the formation of a new generation of chemical entities for this purpose (Allendorf et al., 2009; Keskin and Kizilel, 2011). MOFs are considered new generation hybrid inorganic–organic materials, which can also be classified on the basis of dimensionality and order of organic and inorganic molecule participating in the synthesis. Table 1.1 highlights the different types of hybrid nanoporous material based on their dimensions.

Table 1.1

Classification of Nanoporous Hybrid Systems Based on the Dimensionality

	Dimensionality of Organic
	Order	0	1	2	3
Dimensionality of Inorganic	0	Molecular complexes	Chain coordination polymers	Layered coordination polymer	3D coordination polymers
	1	Hybrid inorganic chains	Mixed inorganic–organic layers	Mixed inorganic–organic 3D framework
	2	Hybrid inorganic layers	Mixed inorganic–organic 3D framework
	3	3D inorganic hybrids

However, MOFs act as a single molecule with entirely unusual physiochemical properties. Additionally, because of the presence of specific dimension, order of arrangement, and dimensionality of the metal ion and organic linker, MOFs emerge as the advance type of coordination complexes with high level of porosity and surface modification abilities (Tranchemontagne et al., 2009). Table 1.2 lists the key structural differences between the coordination polymers and MOFs.

Table 1.2

Difference Between Coordination Polymer and MOFs

Property	Coordination Polymers	MOFs
Nature of joint SBU	Monoatomic	Polyatomic
Framework pores	Charged, must contain counter ions	Neutral, can be empty
Formal bond valence	0	½
Estimated link energy (kJ/mol)	100–150	363
Bond break to excise SBU	4	12
Estimated energy to excise (SBU/kJ/mol)	400–600	2200

SBU, strategic building unit.

Usually, MOFs show a high degree of robustness in their framework structure, with a highly flexible nature and have capabilities for chemical alteration during incorporation of the metal ions with the organic linkers. A wide range of MOF structures are available, with a high degree of adaptability in their chemical composition, thus offering excellent surface modification (helpful in the biomedicine applications), high surface area (for efficient loading of cargo), and large pore sizes (facilitates wrapping of various types of pharmaceuticals and theranostic agents) (Sun et al., 2012). Regarding structure, MOFs possess high molecular weight, supramolecular crystalline solid structures with well-defined geometry, wherein the inorganic component is connected with the organic part in the form of struts (Furukawa et al., 2013). The inorganic (polar) component includes metals, transition metals, or groups of metals, while organic (nonpolar) component include...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Series Preface: Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Metal–organic frameworks as expanding hybrid carriers with diverse therapeutic applications
• Chapter 2. Natural and semisynthetic polymers in pharmaceutical nanotechnology
• Chapter 3. Current perspectives on drug release studies from polymeric nanoparticles
• Chapter 4. Polymeric nanofibers for controlled drug delivery applications
• Chapter 5. Polymeric hydrogels for contact lens-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems
• Chapter 6. Palm-based nanoemulsions for drug delivery systems
• Chapter 7. Strategies for the design and synthesis of pincer-based dendrimers: Potential applications
• Chapter 8. Nanohydrogels: Emerging trend for drug delivery
• Chapter 9. Lipid-based nanoparticles for dermal drug delivery
• Chapter 10. Lipid-based nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy
• Chapter 11. Lyotropic liquid crystal nanoparticles: A novel improved lipidic drug delivery system
• Chapter 12. Vesicular carriers as innovative nanodrug delivery formulations
• Chapter 13. Gemini surfactant-based systems for drug and gene delivery
• Chapter 14. Self-assembled quaternary ammonium surfactants for pharmaceuticals and biotechnology
• Chapter 15. Cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles
• Chapter 16. Cyclodextrin nanosponge-based systems in drug delivery and nanotherapeutics: Current progress and future prospects
• Index