Lipid Nanocarriers for Drug Targeting

Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

• Publisher: William Andrew
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9780128136874
• eBook ISBN: 9780128136881
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Nanoscience

Lipid Nanocarriers for Drug Targeting presents recent advances in the area of lipid nanocarriers. The book focuses on cationic lipid nanocarriers, solid lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, thermosensitive vesicles, and cubosomes, with applications in phototherapy, cosmetic and others. As the first book related to lipid nanocarriers and their direct implication in pharmaceutical nanotechnology, this important reference resource is ideal for biomaterials scientists and those working in the medical and pharmaceutical industries that want to learn more on how lipids can be used to create more effective drug delivery systems.- Highlights the most commonly used types of lipid nanocarriers and explains how they are applied in pharmacy- Shows how lipid nanocarriers are used in different types of treatment, including oral medicine, skin repair and cancer treatment- Assesses the pros and cons of using different lipid nanocarriers for different therapies

Chapter 1

Lipid nanocarriers

Tripti Shukla¹, Neeraj Upmanyu¹, Sharad Prakash Pandey² and Dipanjana Gosh¹, ¹School of Pharmacy and Research, People’s University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, ²Truba Institute of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract

Lipid nanocarriers have emerged as a very promising, emerging and rapidly developing tool for the delivery of various drugs lacking solubility, bioavailability and stability in the recent couple of decades. Recent studies show that about 40% of newer drugs have such problems. Initially, a lipid carrier was denoted by the liposome and similar vesicular systems, but currently they are categorized as colloidal nano lipid-based carriers (CNLBC). To avoid the limitation of these CNLBCs in pH- and enzyme-dependent degradation, especially when taken orally or in physical0 and chemical-related stability issues, newer lipid nanocarriers such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), lipid drug conjugates (LDCs), and pharmacosomes have shown their importance at greater extent due to low toxicity, improved bioavailability, high biocompatibility, high drug-loading efficiency, protection from degradation in GIT, etc. Lipid nanocarriers can load both hydrophilic and lipophilic drug. Solubility is a rate-limiting step in the case of lipophilic drugs (BCS Class II and IV), which can be greatly modified by formulation of lipid nanocarriers. Similarly, lipidic nanocarriers can increase the permeability of most of the hydrophilic drugs (BCS I and III class) which is the rate limiting step this case. These carriers also shows good controlled and target specific drug delivery system which always attracts the attention of researchers.

The current chapter aims to present a special concern related to various types of lipid nanocarriers, their detailed description on composition, different methods of preparation, influence of various types of lipids on the different properties of such carriers. It also covers the various physicochemical, formulation, pharmacokinetic, and cytotoxic aspects of such carriers. Furthermore, it includes the marketed formulations of lipid nanocarriers with their company name and trade name.

Keyworlds

Lipid nanocarriers; liposome; ethosome; transfersome; SLN; NLC; LDC

Chapter Outline

• 1.1 Introduction to Lipid Nanocarriers 2
  • 1.1.1 Classification: (Mehanna et al., 2012) 3
• 1.2 Liposome 3
  • 1.2.1 Introduction 3
  • 1.2.2 Classification Of Liposomes x 4
  • 1.2.3 Composition 4
  • 1.2.4 Method of Preparation of Liposomes 5
  • 1.2.5 Characterization 8
• 1.3 Ethosomes 8
  • 1.3.1 Introduction 8
  • 1.3.2 Composition 8
  • 1.3.3 Method of Preparation of Ethosomes 8
  • 1.3.4 Characterization 11
• 1.4 Transfersomes 11
  • 1.4.1 Introduction 11
  • 1.4.2 Composition 13
  • 1.4.3 Method of Preparation of Transfersomes 13
  • 1.4.4 Characterization 14
• 1.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 15
  • 1.5.1 Introduction 15
  • 1.5.2 Classification 15
  • 1.5.3 Composition 17
  • 1.5.4 Method of Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle 18
  • 1.5.5 Characterization 20
• 1.6 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) 21
  • 1.6.1 Introduction 21
  • 1.6.2 Classification 21
  • 1.6.3 Composition 22
  • 1.6.4 Methods for Preparation Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 23
  • 1.6.5 Chacterization 24
• 1.7 Lipid Drug Conjugates (LDC) 24
  • 1.7.1 Introduction 24
  • 1.7.2 Composition 24
  • 1.7.3 Method of Preparation of Lipid Drugs Conjugates 24
  • 1.7.4 Characterization 27
• 1.8 Marketed or Commercially Available Nanolipid Products 27
• 1.9 Applications of Various Lipid Nanocarriers 28
  • 1.9.1 Applications of Liposomes 28
  • 1.9.2 Applications of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 32
  • 1.9.3 Application of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 35
  • 1.9.4 Application of Lipid Drug Conjugates 37
• 1.10 Conclusion 38
• 1.11 Future Prospects 38
• References 39
• Further Reading 47

1.1 Introduction to Lipid Nanocarriers

The prefix “nano” comes from the Greek word “nanos,” meaning dwarf. Prof. Norio Taniguchi at Tokyo Science University coined the term “Nanotechnology” in 1974. This term is further used by Drexler in 1986 in his book Engines of creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (De Villiers et al., 2008).

Various novel drug delivery systems prepared by polymers and solvents present in the market are still very limited in use because of their high production cost, high polymer cost, toxicity, and allergy of polymer and solvent in the body (Muller and Keck, 2004).

To overcome these problems related with novel drug delivery systems prepared by polymer and solvent, many researchers have diverted their interest to lipid-based nanocarrier systems, such as liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers, lipid drug conjugates, etc. (Chen et al., 2010).

In the last decade, lipids have gained much interest as carriers for the delivery of drugs with poor water solubility. If any therapeutic agent is added...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Series Preface: Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Lipid nanocarriers
• Chapter 2. Lipid nanoparticulate systems: Modern versatile drug carriers
• Chapter 3. Nanotechnology in phytotherapy: Current challenges of lipid-based nanocarriers for the delivery of natural products
• Chapter 4. Innovative vesicles for dermal and transdermal drug delivery
• Chapter 5. Engineering of bacterial outer membrane vesicles: Potential applications for the development of vaccines
• Chapter 6. Plasmid-DNA lipid nanovaccines: An innovative approach for a better world health
• Chapter 7. Ocular delivery of solid lipid nanoparticles
• Chapter 8. Lipid-based nanoparticles for cancer treatment
• Chapter 9. Developing liposomal nanomedicines for treatment of patients with neuroblastoma
• Chapter 10. Lipid nanoparticles for topical and transdermal delivery of pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals: A glorious victory
• Chapter 11. Cosmetic lipid nanocarriers
• Chapter 12. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) as lipid nanocarriers for improving dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs
• Chapter 13. Lipid-based nanomedicines: Current clinical status and future perspectives
• Chapter 14. Structure and kinetics of synthetic, lipid-based nucleic acid carriers: Lipoplexes
• Chapter 15. In vitro and in vivo characterization of pharmaceutical topical nanocarriers containing anticancer drugs for skin cancer treatment
• Index