Aquaculture Virology

Frederick S.B. Kibenge, Marcos G Godoy, Frederick S. B. Kibenge, Marcos Godoy

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2016
• eBook ISBN: 9780128017548
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Fisheries & Aquaculture
• Index: Technology & Engineering

To date textbooks on viruses infecting fish, crustaceans and molluscs, the three main aquatic animal farmed groups, have been on the whole "diseases-centric and individual viral diseases selected based on "epizoo-centric approaches with little to no coverage of the basic biology of the viruses, in contrast to textbooks on viruses infecting terrestrial – farmed, pet, and free-range (wild) – animals and humans. Despite considerable advances in animal virology in recent years coupled with an economically important global aquaculture industry, knowledge of viruses of animal aquaculture is still sparse and in some cases outdated although these viruses are closely related to well-known virus families. The last book in fish virology (Fish viruses and fish viral diseases 1988, Wolf, K.) was published in the 1980s. A lot of work has been done on fish viruses and many new aquatic animal viruses continue to be discovered. Aquaculture Virology provides the current state of knowledge of aquatic animal viruses within the current virus classification and taxonomic context thereby allowing the reader to draw on the principles of general virology. This book is a systematic and concise resource useful to anyone involved with or looking to move into aquaculture and fisheries. Clinical veterinarians, aquaculture disease practitioners, biologists, farmers, and all those in industry, government or academia who are interested in aquatic animal virology will find this book extremely useful.- Provides unique comprehensive information on animal viruses for aquaculture and fisheries- Presents high quality illustrations of viral structure, diagrams of viral disease processes, gross pathology and histopathology lesions, and summary tables to aid in understanding- Describes aquatic animal viruses of the three major aquatic animals, fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, within the current virus classification and taxonomic context thereby allowing the reader to draw on the principles of general virology

Part I

General Aspects

Outline

Chapter 1 Introduction to Aquaculture and Fisheries

Chapter 2 Classification and Identification of Aquatic Animal Viruses

Chapter 3 Unclassified and Unassigned Aquatic Animal Viruses

Chapter 4 Diagnosis of Aquatic Animal Viral Diseases

Chapter 5 Prevention and Control of Viral Diseases in Aquaculture

Chapter 6 Determinants of Emergence of Viral Diseases in Aquaculture

Chapter 1

Introduction to Aquaculture and Fisheries

F.S.B. Kibenge, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada

Abstract

Farmed fish, crustaceans and mollusks provide an increasing fraction of the human food supply, supplementing and substituting the overfished or declining wild-catch fisheries, and are of major economic importance in many countries. As in the case of terrestrial agriculture, bringing together large numbers of animals of a single species (ie, monoculture) increases the risk of infectious disease outbreaks, including viral infections. Aquaculture, where farmed fish, crustaceans and mollusks are kept at high population densities in close proximity with wild fishery, is ideal for the emergence of wild-type pathogens that exist benignly in local aquatic ecosystems. This introductory chapter describes the structure of the global aquaculture industry (fish, crustaceans, mollusks, in cold water and warm water, commercial and noncommercial, small and big operations, etc.) and the role of fisheries in supplying protein food to the growing human population. This discussion will help to put the virology in the following chapters in context.

Keywords

Fish; crustaceans; mollusks; aquaculture; fisheries

1.1 Introduction to Aquaculture and Fisheries

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) attributes aquatic organisms that are harvested by an individual or corporate body that has owned them throughout their rearing period to aquaculture, while aquatic organisms that are exploitable by the public as a common property resource, with or without appropriate licenses, are harvested by fisheries (FAO, 2015). The contribution of wild-catch fisheries as a protein source for human consumption plateaued in the mid-1980s, and since then, most natural stocks in marine waters have been harvested at or near maximum rates. According to the FAO, aquaculture remains one of the fastest-growing animal food-producing sectors worldwide. In fact, it is the only animal food-producing sector growing faster than the human population, and it provides an acceptable supplement to and substitute for wild fish. In fact, in 2014, aquaculture contributed more to aquatic animal food destined for human consumption than fisheries for the first time. This share of aquaculture is projected to rise to 62% by 2030, as catches from wild capture fisheries level off (FAO, 2014). Fish, crustaceans and mollusks represent the most economically important global aquaculture industry subsectors (Fig. 1.1), at 66.6 million tonnes in 2012, with an estimated total farmgate value of US$144.4 billion (FAO, 2014), and they are expected to reach US$202.96 billion by 2020 (Grand View Research Inc, 2014).

Figure 1.1 World aquaculture by farmed species sector, 2012. (A) Aquaculture industry subsectors by quantity 2012; (B) aquaculture industry subsectors by value. Developed from FAO, 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. FAO, Rome, 223 pp.

Most of the global aquaculture production (89% by volume) is located in countries in Asia (the most important being China, India, Vietnam and Indonesia). Table 1.1 summarizes the distribution of the three main aquaculture industry subsectors among the top 15 countries that account for 92.7% in global aquaculture production.

Table 1.1

Distribution of the Aquaculture Industry Subsectors Among the Top 15 Countries in Global Aquaculture Production in 2012^a

Country	Production by Aquaculture Subsector (in tonnes)				Share of World Total (%)
	Fish	Crustaceans	Mollusks	Other
China	24,369,533	3,592,588	12,343,169	803,016	61.7
India	3,896,584	299,926	12,905	NL^b	6.3
Vietnam	2,142,200	513,100	400,000	30,200	4.6
Indonesia	2,679,484	387,698	NL^b	477	4.6
Bangladesh	1,588,892	137,174	NL^b	NL^b	2.6
Norway	1,319,118	NL^b	2001	NL^b	2.0
Thailand	400,980	623,660	205,192	4045	1.9
Chile	818,114	NL^b	253,307	NL^b	1.6
Egypt	1,016,629^b	1109	NL^b	NL^b	1.5
Myanmar	824,457	58,981	NL^b	1731	1.3
Philippines	671,764	72,822	46,308	NL^b	1.2
Brazil	611,343^b	74,415	20,699	1005	1.1
Japan	284,429	1596	345,914	1108	1.0
Republic of Korea	90,406	2838	373,488	17,672	0.7
United States	206,767	44,928	168,329	NL^b	0.6
Rest of world	3,230,455	635,983	999,426	5288	7.3
Total	44,151,155	6,446,818	15,170,738	864,542	100

^aDeveloped from FAO, 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. FAO, Rome, 223 pp.

^bSome of the production data are not available (marine aquaculture), or the production volume is regarded as negligibly low (NL).

1.2 Aquatic Species in Aquaculture

Among the three main aquaculture groups (fish, crustaceans and mollusks), there were 354 fish species, 59 crustacean species and 102 mollusk species recorded by FAO as cultured in 2012. Carp dominates production in both China and the rest of Asia; for Europe and South America, it is salmonids; African aquaculture production is almost exclusively tilapias; and for Oceania, shrimps and prawns dominate (Hall et al., 2011). The most significant farmed species, with more than 100,000 tonnes apiece in 2012 (FAO, 2012), are listed in Table 1.2. However, analysis of aquaculture production and details about farmed species remain only an approximation because many indigenous aquatic species are used in aquaculture without being registered individually in national statistics. For example, in China, more than 200 species are farmed commercially, but total production is registe...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• List of Contributors
• Preface
• Part I: General Aspects
• Part II: DNA Viruses of Fish
• Part III: RNA Viruses of Fish
• Part IV: DNA Viruses of Crustaceans
• Part V: RNA Viruses of Crustaceans
• Part VI: DNA Viruses of Mollusks
• Part VII: RNA Viruses of Mollusks
• Appendix A
• Index