Optimal Design and Retrofit of Energy Efficient Buildings, Communities, and Urban Centers

Moncef Krarti

• Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9780128498699
• eBook ISBN: 9780128118948
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Civil Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Optimal Design and Retrofit of Energy Efficient Buildings, Communities, and Urban Centers presents current techniques and technologies for energy efficiency in buildings. Cases introduce and demonstrate applications in both the design of new buildings and retrofit of existing structures. The book begins with an introduction that includes energy consumption statistics, building energy efficiency codes, and standards and labels from around the world. It then highlights the need for integrated and comprehensive energy analysis approaches. Subsequent sections present an overview of advanced energy efficiency technologies for buildings, including dynamic insulation materials, phase change materials, LED lighting and daylight controls, Life Cycle Analysis, and more. This book provides researchers and professionals with a coherent set of tools and techniques for enhancing energy efficiency in new and existing buildings. The case studies presented help practitioners implement the techniques and technologies in their own projects. - Introduces a holistic analysis approach to energy efficiency for buildings using the concept of energy productivity - Provides coverage of individual buildings, communities and urban centers - Includes both the design of new buildings and retrofitting of existing structures to improve energy efficiency - Describes state-of-the-art energy efficiency technologies - Presents several cases studies and examples that illustrate the analysis techniques and impact of energy efficiency technologies and controls

Chapter 1

Introduction

Abstract

This chapter presents historical and future trends in energy consumption for the world and select countries. In particular, a review is presented for current and projected energy use attributed to the residential and commercial buildings. Moreover, the concept of energy productivity is introduced as a metric of energy efficiency by estimating the economic output per unit of energy used for the world as well as some countries and regions. The chapter also discusses the benefits of energy efficiency in the built environment for various stakeholders including the governments, buildings owners and managers, as well as utilities. Some of the barriers that hinder the application of energy efficiency policies and programs are outlined. Strategies to implement energy efficiency programs specific to new and existing buildings are described.

Keywords

building energy efficiency code

energy productivity

integrated design process

final energy consumption

large-scale energy efficiency program

primary total energy supply

Chapter Outline

1. 1.1 Global trends in energy consumption
   • 1.1.1 Primary Energy Supply
   • 1.1.2 Final Energy Consumption
   • 1.1.3 Energy Consumption by the Building Sector
   • 1.1.4 Energy Productivity Trends
2. 1.2 Energy efficiency policies
   • 1.2.1 Benefits for Improving Energy Efficiency of Buildings
   • 1.2.2 Barriers for Energy Efficiency
   • 1.2.3 Energy Efficiency Programs for New Buildings
   • 1.2.4 Types of Building Energy Codes
   • 1.2.5 Overview of BEEC Establishment
   • 1.2.6 Beyond BEEC Requirements
   • 1.2.7 Holistic Design Approach
3. 1.3 Strategies for large scale EE program implementation
   • 1.3.1 Foundational Strategies for Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Program
   • 1.3.2 Voluntary Strategies for Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Program
   • 1.3.3 Mandatory Strategies for Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Program
   • 1.3.4 Approaches for Energy Intensive Buildings
4. 1.4 Summary
5. References

1.1. Global trends in energy consumption

In this section, historical energy consumption in the world and select countries as well as regions is first discussed based on reported data for primary energy supply and final energy consumption. Specific trends in current and future energy consumption and energy mix of the building sector are also outlined using available data and analyses. In addition, the economic output per unit energy consumed is evaluated to assess the macroeconomic energy efficiency of select countries and regions in the world.

1.1.1. Primary Energy Supply

From 1990 to 2015, the total primary energy supply (TPES) in the world increased by 60% while the energy mix remained almost unchanged as noted in Fig. 1.1. Indeed, fossil fuels provided over 80% of the primary energy supply of the world during the last two decades. The specific composition of the world primary energy mix for 2015 is detailed in Fig. 1.2 (IEA, 2017). Specifically, the world relied mainly on oil (32%), coal (28%), and natural gas (22%) to meet its energy needs. Biofuels and waste (10%), nuclear (5%), hydro (2%), and renewable energy resources (1%) were also used to power the world economy during 2015. Fig. 1.3 compares the composition for TPES mix between continents as well as select countries and regions. China and Asia still rely heavily on coal to supply their primary energy needs while most of the other continents and major economies use predominantly oil and natural gas. During 2015, China and the US remained the top energy consumer countries with, respectively, 22% and 16% of the world TPES. Asia, mostly due to China and India, has the highest primary energy consumption among all the continents with over 47% of the world TPES.

Figure 1.1 Annual variation of total primary energy supply (TPES) for the world from 1990 to 2015. (Source: IEA, 2017).

Figure 1.2 Resource composition for the world TPES during 2015
. (Source, IEA, 2017).

Figure 1.3 Primary energy resources for the world compared to those for (A) continents and (B) select economies, 2015. (Source, IEA, 2017).

As illustrated in Fig. 1.4, the annual world TPES increases at a slightly higher rate than that of the world population growth but significantly lower than the change rate of the world economic output measured by the gross domestic product (GDP). Indeed, the GDP has increased 60% from 1990 to 2015 indicating a decrease in energy intensity and thus an increase in energy efficiency and ultimately an increase in the energ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Conversion Factors (Metric to English)
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Advanced Building Energy Efficiency Systems
• Chapter 3: Control Strategies for Building Energy Systems
• Chapter 4: Utility Rate Structures and Grid Integration
• Chapter 5: Life-Cycle Cost and Energy Productivity Analyses
• Chapter 6: Integrated Design and Retrofit of Buildings
• Chapter 7: Integrated Design of Communities
• Chapter 8: Integrated Design of Energy Efficient Cities
• Chapter 9: Analysis of Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Programs
• Index