Handbook of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Volume One

Masoud Mozafari, Farshid Sefat, Anthony Atala

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780081025635
• eBook ISBN: 9780081025642
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Biotechnology in Medicine
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Handbook of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Volume One, provides a comprehensive and authoritative review on recent advancements in the application and use of composite scaffolds in tissue engineering. Chapters focus on specific tissue/organ (mostly on the structure and anatomy), the materials used for treatment, natural composite scaffolds, synthetic composite scaffolds, fabrication techniques, innovative materials and approaches for scaffolds preparation, host response to the scaffolds, challenges and future perspectives, and more. Bringing all the information together in one major reference, the authors systematically review and summarize recent research findings, thus providing an in-depth understanding of scaffold use in different body systems.- Dedicated to the specialist topic of composite scaffolds, featuring all human body systems- Covers basic fundamentals and advanced clinical applications- Includes up-to-date information on preparation methodology and characterization techniques- Highlights clinical data and case studies

Part One

An introduction to tissue engineering scaffolds

Outline

1. 1. Introduction to tissue engineering scaffolds
2. 2. The role of scaffolds in tissue engineering
3. 3. Scaffolds mimicking the native structure of tissues
4. 4. Computational design of tissue engineering scaffolds
5. 5. Research progress of scaffold materials
6. 6. Fabrication techniques of tissue engineering scaffolds
7. 7. Scaffolds implanted: what is next?
8. 8. Moving from clinical trials to clinical practice
9. 9. Tissue engineering scaffolds: future perspectives

1

Introduction to tissue engineering scaffolds

Farshid Sefat ^{1 , 2 , 8 , 9} , Masoud Mozafari ^{3 , 4 , 7} , and Anthony Atala ^{5 , 6 1} Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom ² Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science and Technology (IRC Polymer), University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom ³ Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran, Iran ⁴ Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ⁵ Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston–Salem, NC, United States ⁶ Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston–Salem, NC, United States ⁷ Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ⁸ Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran ⁹ Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract

Over the past few decades, there has been a wide range of researches on the provision of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine which lead to a significant improvement in the production of innovative scaffolds with similar characteristics to the natural tissues/organs. Tissue engineering scaffolds needed due to either trauma/injury, genetic disorders and diseases where can lead to damage and degeneration of tissues in the human body, which necessitates treatments to facilitate their repair, replacement or regeneration. It is expected that with the cooperation of engineering techniques and biological strategies more practical and functional tissue engineering scaffolds will be introduced to enhance the clinical success.

Keywords

Biomaterials; Regenerative medicine; Scaffold; Tissue engineering

1.1. Introduction

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are fast developing approaches in the production of new organs and body tissues. On the other hand, it is a field that seeks to replace/repair or enhance the biological function of a tissue or an organ by manipulating cells via their extracellular environment [1–5].

The concept of directly engineering tissue was articulated in detail in 1985 [6]. The term “tissue engineering” was first used during a meeting sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1987. The first true tissue engineering symposium was held in 1988, where a working definition was proposed [4,5,7] in which tissue engineering was defined as “the application of the principles and methods of engineering and life sciences toward the fundamental understanding of structure–function relationships in normal and pathological mammalian tissue and the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve tissue function” [4,5,7]. Even though, everyone believe that the field of tissue engineering may be relatively new, the idea of replacing tissue with another goes as far back as the 16th century [8]. During 1546–99, Gasparo Tagliacozzi initiated a nose replacement that he had constructed.

Over the past few decades, there have been a wide range of research studies that have been conducted on the provision of tissue-engineered and regenerative medicine, which lead to a significant improvement in production of scaffolds with similar characteristics to a natural tissue/organ [4,5]. These scaffolds are needed, because of trauma/injury, genetic disorders, and diseases, which can lead to damage and degeneration of tissues in the human body, which necessitates treatments to facilitate their repair, replacement, or regeneration [8].

In reality, tissue engineering has a multidisciplinary approach consisting of cell engineering, molecular biology, biomaterial engineering, design, imaging, etc., to develop materials to replace/repair diseased or damaged tissue and restore and improve their function [9]. For instance, bone and joint diseases cause many people to suffer for years with crippling effects. With the progressive aging of the population, the need for functional tissue substitutes is increasing [10]. According to previous research studies, the cost of fractures in the United Kingdom is above £5.1 billion each year [11]. Large bone defects resulting from trauma, tumors, infections, or congenital abnormalities often require reconstructive surgery to restore function [12,13]. Organ transplantation and mechanical devices have revolutionized medical practice but have limitations. New bone tissue engineering strategies have been proposed that promise greater bone restoration without many of the limitations of the current therapies [4,5,14]. Bone tissue engineering is a different method of treatment as compared with drug therapy, gene therapy, or permanent implants because engineered bone becomes incorporated within the patient, giving rise hopefully to a permanent cure for the patients suffering from various bone disorders. Bone cells (osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast), osteoconductive factor (three-dimensional matrices or scaffold), and osteoinductive factor (recombinant signaling molecules or growth factors) are the three main key elements (see Fig. 1.1) in the tissue engineering of bone [4,5,16]. This combination of cells, signals, and scaffold is often referred to as a tissue engineering triad [8].

Regenerative medicine for the past two decades has captured the attention of the scientific community mainly in the field of medicine that is expected to be used in near future instead of traditional therapies, which cause enormous side effects. Biomaterial scaffold is one of the main elements in this field, which work parallel to cells, environmental factors, and signaling molecules, which plays an important role in successful functional tissue engineering. Successful research studies were conducted for the past few years, and significant improvement and progress have been reported in reconstruction of various human tissues replacements and prosthesis including lung [17], kidney [18], bladder [19,20], intestine [21], bone [15,22], cartilage [19,20,23–26], skin [27,28], oral tissues [29...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgment
• Part One. An introduction to tissue engineering scaffolds
• Part Two. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering scaffolds
• Part Three. Craniomaxillofacial tissue engineering scaffolds
• Part Four. Dental tissue engineering scaffolds
• Part Five. Cardiaovascular tissue engineering scaffolds
• Index