Advanced Biosensors for Health Care Applications

Raju Khan, Ali Mohammad, Abdullah M. Asiri, Inamuddin, Dr. Inamuddin

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN:
  9780128157435
• eBook ISBN:
  9780128165225
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Advanced Biosensors for Health Care Applications highlights the different types of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers associated with cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, brain and retinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, bacterial infections, as well as various types of electrochemical biosensor techniques used for early detection of the potential biomarkers of these diseases. Many advanced nanomaterials have attracted intense interests with their unique optical and electrical properties, high stability, and good biocompatibility. Based on these properties, advanced nanoparticles have been used as biomolecular carriers, signal producers, and signal amplifiers in biosensor design. Recent studies reported that there are several diagnostic methods available, but the major issue is the sensitivity and selectivity of these approaches. This book outlines the need of novel strategies for developing new systems to retrieve health information of patients in real time. It explores the potential of nano-multidisciplinary science in the design and development of smart sensing technology using micro-nanoelectrodes, novel sensing materials, integration with MEMS, miniaturized transduction systems, novel sensing strategy, that is, FET, CMOS, System-on-a-Chip (SoC), Diagnostic-on-a-Chip (DoC), and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC), for diagnostics and personalized health-care monitoring. It is a useful handbook for specialists in biotechnology and biochemical engineering. - Describes advanced nanomaterials for biosensor applications - Relates the properties of available nanomaterials to specific biomarkers applications - Includes diagnosis and electrochemical studies based on biosensors - Explores the potential of nano-multidisciplinary science to design and develop smart sensing technologies - Describes novel strategies for developing a new class of assay systems to retrieve the desired health information

Chapter 1

Advanced Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for Diagnosing Foodborne Pathogens

Mohammad Lukman Yahaya¹, Rahmah Noordin² and Khairunisak Abdul Razak^1,2*, ¹School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, ²Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract

As the world population increases, the demand for food supply increases. Thus food safety is a global concern. To ensure that the food supply is safe from pathogens, rapid, reliable, robust, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools are required. Recently, biosensor technology was applied to develop these tools that offer more advantages than traditional and established methods. This chapter reviews recent advances in biosensors with nanoparticles for detecting foodborne pathogens found in foods, beverages, or clinical samples. The review briefly discusses established and traditional methods and types of biosensors, such as bioreceptors and transducers. Membrane-based biosensors are also addressed as a special type of biosensor. The discussion focuses on the principles, advantages, sensitivity, specificity, and drawbacks of these biosensors. The multiplexing potential of such biosensors is also explained in detail. In conclusion, nanoparticle-based biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity can be alternative tools for diagnosing foodborne pathogens to overcome the limitations of conventional methods.

Keywords

Biosensors; nanoparticle; foodborne pathogen; rapid diagnosis; multiplex

1.1 Introduction

The demand for pathogen-free food and beverages is increasing nowadays. Thus concern for disease transmission, which increases the potential for foodborne outbreaks and other associated health issues, has risen across boundaries. To solve this problem, all food and beverages must be screened to ensure that they are free from potential pathogens before entering the market. Some of these pathogens and their screening methods are discussed in the next section.

1.1.1 Typical Foodborne Pathogens

Bacterial pathogens have caused human illnesses over the past few decades through the consumption of undercooked or minimally processed ready-to-eat meats, dairy products, or fruits and vegetables [1]. The presence of pathogens in ready-to-eat products is a serious concern because these products generally do not receive any further treatment before being eaten. Animals and poultry are the most significant reservoir for many foodborne pathogens [2], although animal by-products, such as feed supplements, may also transmit pathogens to other animals. Seafood is another potential source of pathogens such as Vibrio, Listeria, Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium, Campylobacter, and the hepatitis A virus [3].

One of the common foodborne pathogens is Escherichia coli. Pathogenic E. coli is composed of six main groups namely, enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC), and diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) [4]. Among them, E. coli of serogroup O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is most frequently found to cause foodborne diseases that come from the EHEC group [5]. All members of EHEC, including E. coli O157:H7, can produce Shiga toxins (Stxs) that can cause hemorrhagic colitis, diarrhea associated with abdominal cramps, presentation of mild fever, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans [5,6]. The United States Department of Agriculture and Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) limits the detection of E. coli O157:H7 to one colony-forming unit (CFU) per 65 g of a sample of meat [7].

Salmonella spp. are Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, and common foodborne pathogens. Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori are two species under the Salmonella genus of the Enterobacteriaceae family. This genus can be further divided into many serotypes, and all of the strains are potentially pathogenic to humans [8]. Salmonella spp. are usually found in dairy and farm products. Salmonella spp. can cause salmonellosis with symptoms of diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Furthermore, salmonellosis that infects other parts of the body other than the intestines can result in life-threatening and fatal infections [7,8]. However, Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium, as well as S. enterica serovar Typhi, are epidemiologically important as the highest causative agents in human infections worldwide [7,9].

Another genus of the Enterobacteriaceae family that is responsible for foodborne disease is Shigella spp. This genus is composed of four species, namely, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Shigella boydii. Shigella spp. cannot be detected in animals because it only infects humans and other primates [10]. Disease transmission mainly occurs via food contaminated with human feces. When an individual becomes infected, Shigella spp. can invade the intestinal cells, causing inflammation and tissue damage [10,11]. Clinical manifestations vary among species. S. dysenteriae causes dysentery with complications, such as HUS, S. flexneri and S. boydii also cause dysentery but without these complications, whereas S. sonnei causes watery diarrhea [10].

Vibrio spp. are also responsible for foodborne diseases. The three species that commonly infect humans are Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus. Vibrio spp. usually contaminate water and seafood and transmit to humans via consumption. Ingestion of contaminated food with Vibrio spp. can cause gastroenteritis and septicemia [12,13]. Meanwhile, Campylobacter spp. are Gram-negative, spiral, and microaerophilic bacteria. A species that is clinically noteworthy as a human enteropathogen is Campylobacter jejuni, which infects poultry, dairy products, and milk. In addition, C. jejuni can attack the peripheral nervous system, causing partial paralysis [7,14].

Other foodborne bacteria that may infect humans are Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Clostri...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Advanced Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for Diagnosing Foodborne Pathogens
• Chapter 2. Aptamer Technology for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens and Toxins
• Chapter 3. Biosensors for Rapid Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarkers
• Chapter 4. Electrochemical Biosensors for Antioxidants
• Chapter 5. Electrochemical Immunosensors for Rapid Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarkers
• Chapter 6. Functionalized Advanced Hybrid Materials for Biosensing Applications
• Chapter 7. Smart, Portable, and Noninvasive Diagnostic Biosensors for Healthcare
• Chapter 8. Aptamer-Mediated Nanobiosensing for Health Monitoring
• Chapter 9. Biosensing–Drug Delivery Systems for In Vivo Applications
• Chapter 10. Nanobodies and Their In Vivo Applications
• Chapter 11. New Micro- and Nanotechnologies for Electrochemical Biosensor Development
• Chapter 12. Cholesterol-Based Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Sensors
• Chapter 13. Recent Trends in Sensors for Health and Agricultural Applications
• Chapter 14. Hybrid Carbon Nanostructures for Chemical and Biological Sensors
• Chapter 15. Challenges and Future Prospects of Nanoadvanced Sensing Technology
• Index