Smart Cyber Physical Systems

Advances, Challenges and Opportunities

G.R. Karpagam, B Vinoth Kumar, J.Uma Maheswari, Xiao-Zhi Gao, G.R. Karpagam, B Vinoth Kumar, J.Uma Maheswari, Xiao-Zhi Gao

• Publisher: Chapman and Hall/CRC
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN:
  9780367626723
• eBook ISBN:
  9781000225235
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Computer Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Smart Cyber Physical Systems: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities

ISBN: 9780367337889

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are the new generation of collaborative computational entities, with a prime focus on integration of the physical world and cyber space. Through a feedback mechanism, the system adapts itself to new conditions in real time. The scope of this book includes research experience by experts in CPS infrastructure systems, incorporating sustainability by embedding computing and communication in day-to-day applications. CPS, integrated with Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data, Cloud Computing and Communication, lay a foundation for the fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0. This book will be of immense use to practitioners in industries with a focus on autonomous and adaptive configuration, and on optimization, leading to increased agility, elasticity and cost effectiveness.

The contributors of this book include renowned academics, industry practitioners and researchers. It offers a rigorous introduction to the theoretical foundations, techniques and practical solutions, through case studies. Building CPS with effective communication, control, intelligence and security is discussed in terms of societal and research perspectives.

The objective of this book is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners to exchange ideas and to achieve progress in CPS by highlighting applications, advances and research challenges. It is highly recommended to be used as a reference book for graduate and post-graduate level programmes in universities, with a focus on research in computer science-related courses.

Section 1

My First Journey into the World of Cyber Physical Systems

1
Building Cyber Physical Systems – Design Challenges, Techniques

Usha Bhanu Nageswaran, Maheswari Murali and Shanmugapriya Meiyalagan

Contents

Organization of the Chapter

1.1 Terms and Terminologies

1.2 Introduction

1.3 Physical and Logical Design of Cyber-Physical Systems

1.3.1 Physical Design of a CPS

Computation Processor

Network Connectivity

Analysis and Processing

1.3.2 Generic Block Diagram of a Cyber Physical System

1.3.3 Logical Design and Protocols for the Implementation of a CPS

1.3.3.1 3G/4G/5G Mobile Communication

1.3.3.2 Network/Internet Layer

1.3.3.3 Transport Layer

1.3.3.4 Application Layer

1.3.3.5 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

1.3.3.6 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

1.3.3.7 WebSocket

1.3.3.8 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

1.3.3.9 Data Distribution Service (DDS)

1.3.3.10 Advanced Messaging Queuing Protocol (AMQP)

1.3.3.11 REST-based Communication Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)

1.3.3.12 WebSocket-Based Communication APIs

1.4 Adaptive Control in Cyber Physical Systems

1.5 Security and Privacy Issues in a Cyber Physical System

1.5.1 Definition – Security and Privacy

1.5.2 Security and Privacy Issues in CPS

1.5.3 Security Objectives in a CPS

1.5.4 Threats Against Cyber Physical Systems

1.5.5 Security Challenges to CPSs

1.5.6 Security Solutions

1.6. Design Challenges and Opportunities of Cyber Physical Systems

1.6.1 Opportunities and Challenges in the Applications of CPSs

1.7 Overview of CPS Applications

1.7.1 Agriculture

1.7.2 Medicine

1.7.3 Industrial Manufacturing

1.7.4 Smart Grid

1.7.5 Transportation

1.7.6 Education

1.7.7 Environmental Monitoring

1.7.8 Smart City

1.8 Simulation Languages/Tools Used for CPSs

References

Organization of the Chapter

Section 1 presents the terms and terminologies to help the user to understand the material in this chapter. Section 2 introduces the concept of cyber physical systems, and Section 3 describes the physical and logical design of cyber physical systems. Section 4 shows the adaptive control in cyber physical systems, Section 5 illustrates the data reliability and security challenges of cyber physical systems, and Section 6 shows the opportunities and research challenges of cyber physical systems. Section 7 presents the overview of applications of cyber physical systems in various fields, with Section 8 depicting the simulation tools/programming frameworks.

1.1 Terms and Terminologies

• Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs): A cyber physical system (CPS) is a mechanism whereby a physical system is controlled or monitored by software algorithms. CPSs are integrated with the Internet and consist of sensors, computing resources and communication capabilities.
• Adaptive Control: In CPSs, adaptive dynamic sensors obtain the real-time values and achieve better parameter optimisation than do static sensors.
• Physical Design: CPSs involve the deployment of physical devices with computational platforms, which are connected to the networking platforms.
• Logical Design: The design involves the end-to-end connectivity between the physical devices and the communication protocols used to design the CPS.
• Security: Cyber security or physical security concepts alone cannot protect CPSs because the integration and communication can introduce vulnerabilities.

1.2 Introduction

A cyber physical system (CPS) is a mechanism by which physical systems are controlled or monitored by software algorithms. They are integrated with the Internet and consist of sensors, computing resources and communication capabilities. The components of a CPS are broadly classified into a physical process and a cybersystem. The process management is commonly considered to be an embedded system. Embedded systems and networking devices monitor and control the physical processes, which, in turn, affect computations. CPSs involve multidisciplinary approaches, such as digital, analogue, physical and human components integrated together to function as smart intelligent systems. CPSs are considered to be smart systems, such as are involved in smart grid, automated automobile systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, robotics systems, and automatic pilot avionics. CPSs can bring advances in health care, traffic control, fleet management, power generation and delivery, and improve our quality of life in many areas.

1.3 Physical and Logical Design of Cyber-Physical Systems

CPSs require interaction between widespread sensors and actuators in the physical systems, networked to the existing Internet. The optimized design of a CPS plays a major issue in the real implementation of applications to end-user edge devices. The generic representation of a CPS, shown in Figure 1.1, involves the deployment of physical devices in computational platforms, connected well to the networking platforms. The major components of a CPS mainly consist of three design methodologies of Physical, Logical and Network connectivity.

FIGURE 1.1
Generic block diagram of cyber physical systems

1.3.1 Physical Design of a CPS

The physical part is that aspect of the system which is not realised with computers. It includes mechanical parts, and biological or chemical processes, depending on the applications. These include:

1. (i) Input/output hardware interfaces for sensors and actuators, such as UART, SPI and I2C
2. (ii) Interfaces for internet connection to the LAN network
3. (iii) Memory and storage devices, like SD, MMC and SDIO
4. (iv) Audio/video interfaces, such as HDMI, 3.5 mm Audio or RCA video

Computation Processor

A CPS includes one or more computational platforms, with wireless sensor nodes as inputs and actuators as outputs, and computers with real-time operating systems (RTOS) specific for individual applications.

Network Connectivity

This is the mechanism by which the computer-controlled machines need to communicate, between the computer and the machine, to accomplish a specific task. The integration of the computer with the physical system forms the cyber physical system.

Analysis and Processing

Almost all CPS devices generate data in some form or another, which, when collected and processed by data analytics systems, lead to useful information, to form the basis for taking actions, locally or remotely.

1.3.2 Generic Block Diagram of a Cyber Physical System

The generic block diagram of a CPS [16] consists of a single-board computer (SBC)-based CPS that includes embedded microprocessors, such as CPU, GPU, RAM, storage and various types of interfaces and peripherals.

In Figure 1.1, the widely used single-board mini-computer is a Ra...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half-Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• List of Contributors
• Section 1 My First Journey into the World of Cyber Physical Systems
• Section 2 Smart Cyber Physical Systems – User Cases
• Section 3 Advances, Challenges and Opportunities in Cyber Physical Intelligence
• Section 4 Advances, Challenges and Opportunities in Cyber Physical Systems Security
• Index