2.2.1.1 The IMO Guidelines on places of refuge for ships in need of assistance
8. In 2003, under Resolution A.949(23), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the Guidelines on places of refuge for ships in need of assistance.12 This text, hereinafter referred to as the IMO Guidelines, makes recommendations for standards of decision-making on whether or not to grant access to a ship in need of assistance. In other words, the purpose of the IMO Guidelines is to provide the parties concerned with a framework that enables them to generate an effective practical response to situations where ships are in need of assistance. They describe which concrete action may be expected from duly diligent shipmasters and salvors on the one hand and adequately organised coastal States on the other.13
9. The initiative to develop the Guidelines was welcomed by the General Assembly of the United Nations, which has continued to encourage States to draw up plans and to establish procedures to implement the Guidelines ever since they were adopted.14
10. The IMO Guidelines are not mandatory; they are merely soft law.15 For States that have a legislative or treaty obligation to provide refuge to a ship in distress, this obligation will supersede the IMO Guidelines should a conflict be perceived.16 Although the IMO Guidelines assume that coastal States must decide on a case-by-case basis whether or not access should be granted, most commentators agree that the text does not imply that the classical right of entry under customary law no longer exists.17
11. The IMO Guidelines played a prominent role in preparations for the CMI Draft Convention. First and foremost, the CMI Draft Convention is intended to provide a binding treaty regime, whereby the standards laid down in the IMO Guidelines are upgraded by connecting hard legal consequences with compliance or non-compliance.18 Second, the editors of the CMI Draft Convention took due account of the terminology and material provisions contained in the IMO Guidelines. In the discussion of the provisions in the CMI Draft Convention that follows, repeated reference will therefore be made to the IMO Guidelines.
2.2.1.2 The rejection by the IMO Legal Committee of a treaty initiative
12. After the establishment of the IMO Guidelines, the Legal Committee of the IMO considered whether there was a need for an additional, legally binding, international regulation regarding places of refuge, incorporated into a specific convention on this matter. Despite support for such action on the part of the CMI19 as well as certain States and interest groups, and similar calls from legal experts,20 there was little enthusiasm among a majority of IMO Member States.
13. The Legal Committee of the IMO decided in April 2005 that there was no need for a specific convention on places of refuge, and that the implementation of the new or anticipated international liability tools (especially the 1996 LLMC Protocol, the Supplementary Fund Protocol, the HNS Convention, the Bunkers Convention and the Wreck Removal Convention) should be given priority. It argued that not until after an evaluation of experiences with these new liability regulations would it be possible to assess the need for an additional convention dealing specifically with places of refuge. Although the Legal Committee of the IMO continued to monitor the activities of the CMI, it announced that it would, in the short term, not be taking initiatives in relation to places of refuge.21
14. Over the ensuing years, the Legal Committee continued to take a wait-and-see approach.22 With regard to the liability and compensation regime, for that matter, there is a general feeling within the IMO that a shift of focus is required from lawmaking to ratification and enforcement.23
15. The CMI continued to steer its own course and, despite the lukewarm interest from the IMO, on 17 October 2008 finalised the Draft Convention that is the subject of the present study. As has been pointed out,24 the CMI Draft Convention was intended to be submitted for discussion to the Legal Committee of the IMO in 2009.
16. In April 2009, the IMO Legal Committee considered the CMI Draft Convention as an âAny other businessâ agenda item of a purely informational nature.25 Even if IAPH stressed before the Committee that the subject of places of refuge was of great importance and that it was the duty of the Committee to address the issue as a matter of urgency, before another incident occurred, all the delegations that spoke - while expressing their appreciation to the CMI for the high quality of the draft treaty and its contribution in general to the Committeeâs work - reiterated the view that there was no need for a new convention at this point in time. According to these delegations, the international regime comprising the existing liability and compensation conventions for pollution damage at sea provided a comprehensive legal framework, especially in conjunction with the IMO Guidelines and other regional agreements. While the question of places of refuge was undoubtedly an important topic, which one needed to keep under review rather than to embark on the preparation of a new treaty instrument, priority should be given by the Committee to enhancing the implementation of existing conventions. Once all of these conventions, including the Nairobi Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, 2007, had entered into force and their effectiveness had been assessed, the ...