Distributed Generation
About this book
In the recent years the electrical power utilities have undergone rapid restructuring process worldwide. Indeed, with deregulation, advancement in technologies and concern about the environmental impacts, competition is particularly fostered in the generation side, thus allowing increased interconnection of generating units to the utility networks. These generating sources are called distributed generators (DG) and defined as the plant which is directly connected to distribution network and is not centrally planned and dispatched. These are also called embedded or dispersed generation units. The rating of the DG systems can vary between few kW to as high as 100 MW. Various new types of distributed generator systems, such as microturbines and fuel cells in addition to the more traditional solar and wind power are creating significant new opportunities for the integration of diverse DG systems to the utility. Interconnection of these generators will offer a number of benefits such as improved reliability, power quality, efficiency, alleviation of system constraints along with the environmental benefits.Unlike centralized power plants, the DG units are directly connected to the distribution system; most often at the customer end. The existing distribution networks are designed and operated in radial configuration with unidirectional power flow from centralized generating station to customers. The increase in interconnection of DG to utility networks can lead to reverse power flow violating fundamental assumption in their design. This creates complexity in operation and control of existing distribution networks and offers many technical challenges for successful introduction of DG systems. Some of the technical issues are islanding of DG, voltage regulation, protection and stability of the network. Some of the solutions to these problems include designing standard interface control for individual DG systems by taking care of their diverse characteristics, finding new ways to/or install and control these DG systems and finding new design for distribution system. DG has much potential to improve distribution system performance. The use of DG strongly contributes to a clean, reliable and cost effective energy for future. This book deals with several aspects of the DG systems such as benefits, issues, technology interconnected operation, performance studies, planning and design. Several authors have contributed to this book aiming to benefit students, researchers, academics, policy makers and professionals. We are indebted to all the people who either directly or indirectly contributed towards the publication of this book.
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Table of contents
- Distributed Generation
- Preface
- Contents
- 1. Distributed Cogeneration:Modelling of Environmental Benefits and Impact
- 2. Distributed generation and the regulation of distribution networks1
- 3. Steady-State Assessment of the DG Impact on Voltage Control and Loss Allocation
- 4. Voltage Variation Analysis of Normally Closed-Loop Distribution Feeders Interconnected with Distributed Generation
- 5. Effect of DG on distribution grid protection
- 6. Local and Remote Techniques for Islanding Detection in Distributed Generators
- 7. Single-Phase Photovoltaic-Inverter Operation Characteristic in Distributed Generation System
- 8. Single-Phase Distributed Generation System Based on Asymmetrical Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
- 9. Performance Of Microturbine Generation System in Grid Connected and Islanding Modes of Operation
- 10. Distributed Generation and Islanding – Study on Converter Modeling of PV Grid-Connected Systems under Islanding Phenomena
- 11. Application of a suitable control strategy forgrid-connected inverters to the power management of a Microgrid
- 12. Wind Farm Protection Systems:State of the Art and Challenges
- 13. Protection in distributed generation
- 14. apacity Estimation Methods Applied to MiniHydro Plants
- 15. Optimal Coordination and Penetration of Distributed Generation with Multi Shunt FACTS Compensators Using GA/Fuzzy Rules
- 16. Flexibility Value of Distributed Generation in Transmission Expansion Planning
- 17. State identification of underdetermined grids