Handbook of Cloud Computing

Basic to Advance research on the concepts and design of Cloud Computing

Dr. Anand Nayyar

• Publisher: BPB Publications
• Year: 2019
• Topic: Computer Science
• eBook ISBN:
  9789388176668
• Subtopic: Cloud Computing
• Index: Computer Science

Basic to Advance research on the concepts and design of Cloud computing Key Features

• Comprehensively gives clear picture of current state-of-the-art aspect of cloud computing by elaborating terminologies, models and other related terms.
• Enlightens all major players in Cloud Computing industry providing services in terms of SaaS, PaaS and IaaS.
• Highlights Cloud Computing Simulators, Security Aspect and Resource Allocation.
• In-depth presentation with well-illustrated diagrams and simple to understand technical concepts of cloud.

Description
The book "Handbook of Cloud Computing" provides the latest and in-depth information of this relatively new and another platform for scientific computing which has great possibilities and high future prospects to become ten folds in near future. The book covers in comprehensive manner all aspects and terminologies associated with cloud computing like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS and also elaborates almost every cloud computing service model.
The book highlights several other aspects of cloud computing like Security, Resource allocation, Simulation Platforms and futuristic trend i.e. Mobile cloud computing. The book will benefit all the readers with all in-depth technical information which is required to understand current and futuristic concepts of cloud computing. No prior knowledge of cloud computing or any of its related technology is required in reading this book. What Will You Learn

• Cloud Computing, Virtualisation
• Software as a Service, Platform as a Service, Infrastructure as a Service
• Data in Cloud and its Security
• Cloud Computing – Simulation, Mobile Cloud Computing
• Specific Cloud Service Models
• Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing

Who This Book Is For

• Students of Polytechnic Diploma Classes- Computer Science/ Information Technology
• Graduate Students- Computer Science/ CSE / IT/ Computer Applications
• Master Class Students—Msc (CS/IT)/ MCA/ M.Phil, M.Tech, M.S.
• Researcher's—Ph.D Research Scholars doing work in Virtualization, Cloud Computing and Cloud Security
• Industry Professionals- Preparing for Certifications, Implementing Cloud Computing and even working on Cloud Security
• 
  Table of Contents
• Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Virtualisation
• Software as a Service
• Platform as a Service
• Infrastructure as a Service
• Data in Cloud
• Cloud Security
• Cloud Computing – Simulation
• Specific Cloud Service Models
• Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing
• Mobile Cloud Computing
• About the Author
  Dr. Anand Nayyar received Ph.D (Computer Science) in Wireless Sensor Networks and Swarm Intelligence. Presently he is working in Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. He has total of fourteen Years of Teaching, Research and Consultancy experience with more than 250 Research Papers in various International Conferences and highly reputed journals. He is certified Professional with more than 75 certificates and member of 50 Professional Organizations. He is acting as "ACM DISTINGUISHED SPEAKER" Official Website: http://duytan.edu.vn/; http://gs.duytan.edu.vn/ Professional Link: http://sdh.duytan.edu.vn/Home/EmployeeDetail/vn/70/anand-nayyar; http://gs.duytan.edu.vn/faculty-staff/staff/ Web Link: http://www.anandnayyar.com Scopus: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55201442200 Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com.tr/citations?hl=tr&pli=1&user=7uvZuX8AAAAJ ACM Distinguished Speaker: https://speakers.acm.org/speakers/nayyar_9983
  

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Learning Objectives

1. In this chapter, the concept of cloud computing is introduced and significantly highlighted, regarding its role towards bringing a significant shift in the world of technology.
2. The chapter dives into various types of layer’s and deployment models present in cloud computing.
3. The chapter lists and explains the benefits and limitations associated regarding shifting to cloud technology.
4. The chapter sheds light on the various cloud computing service providers in present world.

1.1 Evolution and History of Cloud Computing

Before the rise of cloud computing, there existed a centralized storage containing all the software applications, data, and services as a part of Client/Server computing on the server side. Hence, for a single person to access data, he/she needs to gain access to the server. Then after, the concept of distributed computing was introduced, resource sharing was made possible. This later on led to the evolution of cloud computing. Cloud Computing came into existence in 1950s when mainframe computers [1] were accessed via dummy terminals into a central computer. It was done by users to gain access. The need for the idea of sharing resources was felt as the excessive costs of mainframes were not economically feasible. Hence, there was an urgent need to reduce costs.

In the 1970s, IBM introduced an operating system called VM and the concurrent operation of more than one OS was made possible. VM’s can allow Guest Operating Systems [5] to run on it, having their own infrastructure and memory and resource sharing also made possible. This made the concept of virtualization quite popular. In the 1990s, the telecom companies began providing virtualized private network connections [2], with better service and quality than point-to-point services at less cost. This made companies to offer shared access to users in a single infrastructure. The evolution of cloud computing can be diverted into three main phases:

• The Idea Phase: This started in the early 1960s with the rise of service and grid computing and continued until the pre-internet era.
• The Pre-cloud Phase: This stage initiated in the year 1999 and continued till 2006. In this, the internet was used as the machinery to provide applications as a service.
• The Cloud Phase: The concept of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS was clearly identified and became practical in the year 2007. Since then the cloud computing has continuously evolved changing the face of world via resource sharing and transforming end-user computing.

Cloud Computing is not a new idea. The evolution of cloud computing started back in history during the 1900’s when telecommunication companies wanted to transform their communication networks. Since then there were many technological advancements, and this consistent innovation is what we see today as modern-day cloud computing.

The Early 1990s

Traditionally, telecom companies only provided point-to-point connection networks to the clients. In the early 1990s, though, they started increasing their services by providing virtual private networks. This permitted the telecommunication companies to deliver the identical class of service at a small portion of the fee with the capability of better resource consumption improving the proficiency of bandwidth.

The Late 1990s

During the starting years of cloud evolution, it was seen as a characteristic measure for computing space between the service provider and the client. In year 1997, it was demarcated that cloud computing is an innovation and it will define new frontiers not just in technical but commercial foundation’s too. Professor Ramnath Chellappa elucidated this innovation as a revolutionary idea for businesses.

During the next half of the 1990s, businesses started gaining an improved considerate of cloud computing and its helpfulness in giving higher explanations and facilities to customers while severely civilizing interior competences. In the year 1999, Salesforce.com developed one of the chief powerhouses in the cloud domain, found the notion of utilizing the Internet in transporting business-level applications to final clients. The consumers can access the applications via the Internet and companies can help make business on-demand basis.

The Early 2000s

Salesforce.com introduced a novel idea and Amazon.com demonstrated it’s ability to outshine in cloud market by providing web-based services in 2002. The modernization of data center’s was first done by Amazon which was operating only about 10% of their volume at a certain time. Then, Amazon comprehended that the prototype can help them use their current capacity with high productivity [3].

The Late 2000s

In the meantime, Google became an important competitor in the Internet business market. In 2006, Google Drive conveyed the control of cloud computing and text distribution straight to end clients. In 2006, Amazon Web Services launched S3 and EC2, a new market for cloud computing was evolved. In 2009, Rackspace with the development of Swift replaced Mosso Cloud files with OpenStack Object Storage Project. The year 2010 marked significant with cloud developments using Agile and DevOps concept.

The future of cloud computing seems bright. Many organizations have indulged in some significant predictions. The networking giant, Cisco forecasts a factor of 12 increases for data centres traffic between 2010 and 2015 [4]. Forrester assumes the cloud market to rise from $40.7 billion in the year 2011 to above $241 billion forecast for the year 2020. The data analysis experts at Gartner expects a $150 billion increase in business by the year 2014 and for medium enterprises, it will be over $100 billion by the year 2014 as per AMI partners, [26].

1.2 Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is regarded as on-request distribution of power, database space, applications, and other resources using a service platform via Internet. Basically, cloud computing is a form of subcontracting of applications where end-users enjoying its benefits without worrying with regard to storage space and power consumption.

National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) [8] defined cloud computing as: “a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction”.

Berkeley [7] defined cloud computing as: “to include application software delivered as services over the internet, the hardware, and systems software in the data centres that facilitate these services”.

Traditional business applications are very complex and costly. The quantity and variation of hardware and software essential to track them are unnerving. There is a need for professionals in installation, testing, securing, and updating. Hence, a lot of efforts are required for suitable handling of cloud infrastructure. The support of cloud computing helps to eliminate headaches with regard to storing one’s own data, managing hardware and software as it becomes the accountability/responsibility of cloud vendor. The shared structure becomes a utility: Paying only for services, automatic up gradation, and scaling of resources.

In cloud services, all the work becomes slightly contrary, provisional on the part of service provider. Many of them provide a responsive, browser-based dashboard that makes it possible for IT professionals and developers to order resources and managing accounts quite easily. Some of the cloud services are planned to work with REST APIs [6] and a command-line interface (CLI), providing developers with several choices. Figure 1.1 highlights the importance of cloud computing. In the recent era, businesses are shifting their operations to the cloud, like customer relationship management (CRM), HR, accounting, etc.

Some of the things that can be performed via cloud are enlisted as follow:

• Creating new applications and services
• Storage, back-up, and data recovery
• Hosting website and blogs
• Streaming live video and audio
• Software delivery on demand
• Data Analysis and predictions

Figure 1.1 Importance of Cloud Computing

Based on the services, cloud computing offers models such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): providing hardware, software, storage, and servers, Software as a Service (SaaS): to access cloud applications and other software, Platform as a Service (PaaS): the platform to code, run, and deploy apps. It also includes deployments models such as public, private, community, and hybrid. Cloud Computing offers many benefits to users in terms of flexibility for program customization’s, multi-tenancy to deliver applications to large number of consumers, reliability for relaxed customer support, accessibility to integrate with IoT applications. The detailed information is highlighted in section 1.3.

1.3 Why Cloud Computing is Becoming Highly Important?

End users use webmail, photo storage sites like Gmail, Google Photos, document storage services like Drop box and Google Docs and social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter. One thing they all have in common is cloud computing services. Cloud Computing is used by large and small businesses and even individuals also. It is all about transporting computing services distantly, via Internet. It’s an expedient collective pool of resources that can be scaled up or down subject to the varying needs of an organization.

Cloud services are important as they can lessen the cost and intricacy of possessing and operating computers and other network resources. Some of the benefits includ...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Foreword
• List of Authors
• Acknowledgement
• Table of Contents
• 1. Introduction to Cloud Computing
• 2. Virtualization
• 3. Software as a Service
• 4. Platform as a Service
• 5. Infrastructure as a Service
• 6. Data in Cloud
• 7. Cloud Security
• 8. Cloud Computing – Simulation
• 9. Specific Cloud Service Models
• 10. Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing
• 11. Mobile Cloud Computing