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Chimneys, Gables and Gargoyles
A Guide to Britain's Rooftops
Trevor Yorke
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- English
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eBook - ePub
Chimneys, Gables and Gargoyles
A Guide to Britain's Rooftops
Trevor Yorke
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About This Book
The roof lines of our towns and cities are places seldom looked at from below. Yet they contain a world of architectural delights.
This easy-to-follow guide includes hundreds of photos and drawings of rooftops and their features from around the country and offers a fascinating glimpse into this overlooked aspect of Britain's architectural history.
Just above the shop fronts, offices, banks and public buildings lie elaborate chimneys, fancy ironwork, and terracotta mouldings of mythical beasts.
Our own homes too can have roofs decorated with intricate bargeboards, elegant parapets and patterned tiles. Each one has a specific role and their style can reveal much about the history of the building.
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Topic
ArchitectureSubtopic
Architecture GeneralTHE IMPORTANCE OF BEING A ROOFStyles and Materials |
The roof is arguably the most important part of a building. Without it rain, snow and wind would penetrate inside making it uninhabitable and quickly ruining the structure beneath. At the same time it also keeps the heat in during winter and protects the interior from the effects of the sun. In traditional construction âa good hat and strong bootsâ, the roof and foundations, were regarded as the essential elements to ensure that a building would stand the test of time. As long as these were sound the walls beneath could simply be made of mud and straw and would last decades if not centuries. In addition to this protective role the roof is a prominent visual feature which can be used by the architect for dramatic effect. Its chosen form, the angle at which it is set and the colours and shapes of the covering material are a distinctive part of the architectural style of the building. Further interest is created by the decorative trimmings, dormer windows, towers, parapets, gables, gargoyles and chimneys which help create the lively skylines of Britainâs towns and cities.
How a roof works
In our wet climate it has long been appreciated that a roof is best formed with a slope, the angle or pitch at which it is set being determined by the coveringâs efficiency in shedding rainwater. A porous material like thatch had to be set at a steep pitch so that the rain ran off or evaporated before it could soak through the layers of straw or reed. Large Welsh slates on the other hand had few gaps for water to get through and could be set at a shallow pitch. The effects of the wind also had to be accounted for as it would push down on the windward side and suck up the covering on the leeward. The pitch of the roof and the way in which the tiles or slates were fixed ensured a gale would not cause damage. In addition there was the dead weight of the roof structure and covering to consider, which could be greater in winter when snow was laying on top. A heavy covering like plain clay tiles or stone slates would require thicker or more tightly packed supporting timbers irrespective of the pitch of the roof.
There was another problem which affected pitched roofs. Just as when you rest two playing cards at an angle against each other on a flat surface they are prone to slip and fall flat, so the sloping sides of a roof are always trying to spread out. The flatter the angle and heavier the roof the more they apply a horizontal thrust and try to push the tops of the walls outwards. Masons, carpenters and architects had to allow for this effect by adding exterior supports like buttresses or form trusses inside which tied the sloping sides of the roof together. This has placed restrictions upon the size and plan of buildings and their design has been in part shaped by the need to counter the effect of this spread.
The style of roof
The form of the roof that you see when looking up at buildings has been shaped by changes in architectural fashion and the types of roof coverings used. The most common covering on medieval buildings was thatch (from the Old English thaec meaning roof covering), although straw, reeds and other vegetation fell from favour in many towns from an early date as it allowed fire to spread easily. In rural areas its use continued into the 19th century but by this time it was associated with poverty, covering the cottages and hovels of the poor. Today there are three types of materials used for thatching. Water reed has been traditionally limited to the Norfolk Broads and a few coastal areas where they grew in sufficient quantity although much of what is used today is imported. The ends or butts of the reeds are flush so the finished surface appears smooth but the ridge section is usually formed out of straw as it is more flexible. Combed wheat reed is straw which has been specially prepared for thatching by removing the waste so only the stem remains. Long straw was the most common type in the past with the material being used uncombed with the heads still attached. It is laid out and wetted to make it more pliable and is then gathered into yealms, the bundles which are carried onto the roof to be laid. Long straw has lines of liggers (thin wooden rods which hold down the thatch) around the eaves and verges and not just the ridge as with reed. As just the top layer is replaced (coatwork) rather than a complete new covering there are some examples of medieval thatch still in existence under later thatch, with their undersides still blackened by smoke from open fires over 500 years ago.
Some parts of the country were fortunate to have sedimentary stones which could be split into thin slabs (fissile) which are known as either tiles, tilestones or slates. These were used from an early date on important buildings but did not become common until the 17th and 18th centuries. In parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire sandstone was used, which could be naturally split or sawn in a quarry to make stacks of thin slates. These were worked into shape by the knapper or striker who would hammer the edges over a vertical stone and then sort the finished pieces into set sizes which were known by distinctive local names. Limestone roof tiles or slates are a distinctive feature of the Cotswolds and Northamptonshire. Those which naturally formed slabs of even thickness ready to be trimmed to size were referred to as presents, those which had to be split were called pendles. Presents were used as far back as Roman times but it was not until the 16th century that an effective method for splitting limestone to form pendles was discovered. On most stone roofs the tiler would have a random selection of sizes available and would fit the largest ones at the bottom of the roof over the wall and graduate up to the smallest at the ridge. This was because the larger tiles were thicker and hence heavier so were placed directly above the walls for the best support.