"This hardback almanac is the perfect edition addition to any dog lover's library and a useful tool for anyone considering acquiring a four-legged friend for their household." - Countryside magazine (National Farmers' Union) "P rovides a good read for those wanting a better understanding of their canine companion. For those working with dogs, in any capacity, the book is a must-read." - The Association of Pet Behaviour Counsellors "Divided in sections and beautifully illustrated with photographs, The Dog: A Natural History is a fascinating, comprehensive exploration of everything we know about dogs so far - in terms of biology, evolution, behaviour and their role in our lives and culture." - Dogs Monthly There are plenty of books out there about living with and training a dog. The Dog: A Natural History is something much wider-ranging: an in-depth look at every aspect of the species, from prehistoric origins to its biology, itsbehaviour, and its relationship with humankind. An initial chapter onEvolution & Developmentlooks at dogs' ancestors. Chapters onAnatomy & Biology, Society & Behaviour, andDogs & Humansfollow, accessing the most recentstudies on everything canine. From hunting patterns to diversity, and training methods to classification, you'll find everything you ever wanted to know in this comprehensive study. To finish, a canineDirectoryoffers extendedprofiles and portraits of a range of the most popular breeds. From first to last, it's a book that will prove irresistible to anyone curious about how the dog gained his prime position in the human world.
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There is a rather striking resemblance between the appearance of any extant member of family Canidae (the group of carnivores closely related to and including dogs) and the long-ago extinct Miacis, the common ancestor of terrestrial predators. Thus, the Canidae show ancient anatomical features, or rather they are similar to the ancient form. This does not mean that the shape and functions of dogs and their closest relatives are obsolete—the high number of species still existing testifies just the opposite: The ancient form is still successful.
ORIGINS ON THE AMERICAN CONTINENT
The history of carnivorous mammals started about 55 million years ago (mya), not so long after the last of the great dinosaurs had disappeared at the end of the Cretaceous. Interestingly, Miacis emerged in North America—and the larger part of the evolution of Canidae also happened there. In the Paleocene (about 50 mya) the two main divisions of carnivores diverged, forming the catlike feliforms and the wolflike caniforms.
Toward the end of the Paleocene, about 34 mya, the Caninae subfamily appeared, and this would become the only surviving subfamily of the Canidae—and the ancestor of all the extant species of foxes, jackals, and wolves. The secret for their success may be that they were not overtly restricted to the hypercarnivorous (“meat only”) diet of other subfamilies, which became extinct because of their narrow ecological tolerance of environmental changes.
Canids can look considerably different. The maned wolf is the tallest of all (3 feet/0.9 m at the withers). The stocky bush dog is no bigger than a dachshund. Both live in South America.
The Miacis, a primitive carnivore, populated both Eurasia and the North American continent about 55-33 million years ago. Animals like this were the ancestors of extant canids, bears, and weasels.
“CANINE RADIATION” & THE COLONIZATION OF OTHER CONTINENTS
The evolution of early canids continued on the North American continent through the whole Oligocene until the second half of the Miocene. The so-called “Canine radiation” was an evolutionary “explosion” about 11 mya, when three major forms of canids—the wolflike Canis, the foxlike Vulpes, and the also foxlike Urocyon genera—appeared and became abundant in southwest North America (9–10 mya). Their success was hallmarked by the evolution of carnassials—a paired set of scissor-like molars and premolars in the upper and lower jaws, allowing the animal to perform an effective shearing bite—thus a better utilization of food.
These “modern” canids were those forms that left the North American cradle of terrestrial predators—first, about 8 mya through the temporarily available Beringian land bridge (between Alaska and the Kamchatka peninsula) toward Eurasia and Africa. Most extant species of wolves, jackals, and foxes evolved in the Old World after this exodus. The second major radiation of Canidae took place at about 3 mya, when the Isthmus of Panama formed. This allowed some of the North American species to invade South America, where, besides the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), endemic species evolved such as the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) and the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus).
The first canids emerged in North America about 40 mya. Their descendants arrived in Eurasia only around 8 mya. Closer relatives of dogs (genus Canis) evolved in the Old World. Wol...
