Transportation & Land Use Innovations

When you can't pave your way out of congestion

Reid Ewing

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2021
• eBook ISBN: 9781351177641
• Topic: Architecture
• Subtopic: Urban Planning & Landscaping

This handbook introduces community leaders to an understanding oftransportation mobility, offering suggestions to reduce congestion, automobile dependence, and vehicle miles of travel.

Endnotes

1 Select Committee on Roads, Report to Legislative Council Covering Florida Primary Roads, Legislative Reference Bureau, Tallahassee, Fla., 1954, p. 2.

2 Department of Community Affairs (DCA), Focus on Mobility: An Initiative of the Department of Community Affairs and Transportation, Tallahassee, Fla., 1991, p. 1.

3 A.E. Pisarski, Travel Behavior Issues in the 90’s, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1992, p. 13.

4 A. Downs, “The Law of Peak-Hour Expressway Congestion,” Traffic Quarterly, Vol. 16, 1962, pp. 393–409. Also see R.L. Morris, “Traffic as a Function of Supply and Demand,” Traffic Quarterly, Vol. 31, 1977, pp. 591–603; D.J. Holden, “Wardrop’s Third Principle: Urban Traffic Congestion and Traffic Policy,” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol.23, 1989, pp. 239–262; and A. Downs, Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1992, pp. 26–33.

5 M. Hansen, “Do New Highways Generate Traffic?” Access, Vol. 7, Fall 1995, pp. 16–22. The subject of induced travel is fraught with controversy. See R. Kitamura, “The Effects of Added Transportation Capacity on Travel: A Review of Theoretical and Empirical Results,” in G. Shunk (ed.), The Effects of Added Transportation Capacity, Technology Sharing Program, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1991, 79–95; M. Hansen et al., The Air Quality Impacts of Urban Highway Capacity Expansion: Traffic Generation and Land Use Change, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1993; R.G. Dowling et al., Effects of Increased Highway Capacity on Travel Behavior, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, Calif., 1994; H. Cohen, “Review of Empirical Studies of Induced Traffic,” in Expanding Metropolitan Highways: Implications for Air Quality and Energy Use, Special Report 245, Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1995, pp. 295–309; Committee for the Study of Impacts of Highway Capacity Improvements on Air Quality and Energy Consumption, “Travel Demand,” in Expanding Metropolitan Highways: Implications for Air Quality and Energy Use, Special Report 245, Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1995, pp. 138–173; and M. Replogle, “Minority Statement,” in Expanding Metropolitan Highways: Implications for Air Quality and Energy Use, Special Report 245, Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1995, pp. 354–380.

6 These figures represent an average of cost estimates from three sources, one (FHWA) with relatively high variable and low fixed costs, the others the reverse (AAA and AAMA). Jack Faucett Associates, The Costs of Owning and Operating Automobiles, Vans and Light Trucks: 1991, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1992; American Automobile Association (AAA), Your Driving Costs, Heathrow, Fla., 1993; and American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA), Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures ‘94, Detroit, 1994, p. 54.

7 M. Cameron, Transportation Efficiency: Tackling Southern California’s Air Pollution and Congestion, Environmental Defense Fund, Oakland, Calif., 1991, p. 21; B.M. Faigin, “The Costs of Motor Vehicle Injuries,” Auto & Traffic Safety, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1991, pp. 2–9; H.M. Hubbard, “The Real Cost of Energy,” Scientific American, Vol. 264, April 1991, pp. 36–40; T. Miller, The Costs of Highway Crashes, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1991; L.J. Blincoe and B.M. Faigin, The Economic Cost of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 1990, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., 1992; M.E. Hanson, “Automobile Subsidies and Land Use: Estimates and Policy Responses,” Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 58, 1992, pp. 60–71; J.J. MacKenzie, R.C. Dower, and D.T. Chen, The Going Rate: What It Really Costs to Drive, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., 1992, pp. 10–19; K.A. Small, Urban Transportation Economics, Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland, 1992, pp. 75–85; R.W. Willson, Suburban Parking Economics and Policy: Case Studies of Office Worksites in Southern California, Technology Sharing Program, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1992, pp. 23–25; P. Miller and J. Moffet, The Price of Mobility: Uncovering the Hidden Costs of Transportation, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, D.C., 1993, pp. 14–62; Apogee Research, Inc., The Costs of Transportation: Final Report, Conservation Law Foundation, Boston, 1994, pp. 82–162; T. Moore and P. Thorsnes, The Transportation/Land Use Connection, American Planning Association, Chicago, 1994, p. 48; Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), Saving Energy in U.S. Transportation, Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 98–134; M.K. Teets, Bulletin: Receipts and Disbursements for Highways 1989–1992, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. IV-6 and V-115; Committee for Study on Urban Transportation Congestion Pricing, Curbing Gridlock: Peak-Period Fees to Relieve Congestion—Volume 1, Special Report 242, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1994, Appendix B; E. Verhoef, “External Effects and Social Costs of Road Transport,” Transportation Research A, Vol. 2A, 1994, pp. 273–287; D.B. Lee, “Full Cost Pricing of Highways,” Transportation Research Record 1518, 1996, pp. 57–64; T. Litman, Transportation Cost Analysis: Techniques, Estimates and Implications, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, British Columbia, 1995, pp. 3.0–1 through 3.16–2; K.A. Small and C. Kazimi, “On the Costs of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles,” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 29, 1995, pp. 7–32; M.A. Delucchi, “Total Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use,” Access, Vol. 8, Spring 1996, pp. 7–13; and J. Qin et al., “Evaluating Full Costs of Urban Passenger Transportation,” paper presented at the 75th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1996.

8 Cameron, op. cit., p. 21; MacKenzie et al., op. cit., p. 24; and Moore and Thorsnes, op. cit., p. 48. It is occasionally argued that the auto-highway system produces social benefits (external to the market and uncompensated) that somehow offset the social costs of the system (also external to the market and uncompensated). This possibility is considered and neatly dismissed in W. Rothengatter, “Do External Benefits Compensate for External Costs of Transport?” Transportation Research A, Vol. 28A, 1994, pp. 321–328. Likewise, it is occasionally suggested that technological fixes (cleaner vehicle) will save us from the rising social costs of the auto-highway system. This possibility is discounted in K.M. Gwilliam and H. Geerlings, “New Technologies and Their Potential to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Transportation,” Transportation Research A, Vol. 28A, 1994, pp. 307–319.

9 Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Florida Pedestrian Safety Plan, Tallahassee, 1992, p. 1–5.

10 D. Popenoe, “Urban Sprawl: Some Neglected Sociological Considerations,” Sociology and Social Research, Vol. 63, 1979, pp. 255–268.

11 K.H. Schaeffer and E. Sclar, Access for All, Penguin Books, Baltimore, 1975; D. Popenoe, The Suburban Environment, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1977, pp. 193–201; M. Berg and E.A. Medrich, “Children in Four Neighborhoods: The Physical Environment and Its Effect on Play and Play Patterns,” Environment and Behavior, Vol. 12, 1980, pp. 320–348; A.J. Millas, “Planning for the Elderly within the Context of a Neighborhood,” Elastics, Vol. 47, 1980, pp. 264–273; F.M. Carp, “Significance of Mobility for the Well-Being of the Elderly,” in Transportation in an Aging Society, Special Report 218, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1988, pp. 1–20; S. Rosenbloom, “The Mobility Needs of the Elderly,” in Transportation in an Aging Society, Special Report 218, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1988, pp. 21–71; M. Hillman, J. Adams, and J. Whitelegg, One False Move…A Study of Children’s Independent Mobility, Policy Studies Institute, London, England, 1990, pp. 77–97; M.A. Hughes, “Employment Decentralization and Accessibility: A Strategy for Stimulating Regional Mobility,” Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 57, 1991, pp. 288–298; J.F. Kain, “The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later,” Housing Policy Debate, Vol. 3, 1992, pp. 371–459; K.R. Ihlanfeldt, “Intra-urban Job Accessibility and Hispanic Youth Employment Rates,” Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 33, 1993, pp. 254–271; and R.W. Burchell and E. Schmeidler, “The Demographic and Social Difference Between Central Cities and Suburbs as They Relate to the Job Fulfillment of Urban Residents,” paper presented at the National Conference on Metropolitan America in Transition: Implications for Land Use and Transportation Planning, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Mass., 1993.

12 Governor’s Task Force on Urban Growth Patterns, Final Report, Florida Department of Community Affairs, Tallahassee, 1989, p. 45.

13 Subsections 163.3180(5) - (7), Horida Statutes; and Rule 9J-5.0055 (5) - (6), Rorida Administrative Code.

14 Subsection 163.3177 (6) (j), Florida Statutes; and Rule 9J-5.019, Rorida Administrative Code.

15 Under “conformity” provisions of the Clean Air Act, projected emission impacts of transportation plans must be consistent with “emission budgets” in air quality plans. For more on this requirement, see S. Siwek, “Conformity,” in M. Franko (ed.), ISTEA Planner’s Workbook, Surface Transportation Policy Project, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 79–100; J.P. Anderson and A.M. Howitt, “Clean Air Act SIPs, Sanctions, and Conformity, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 49, Summer 1995, pp. 67- 79; and R.P. Brodesky, “Air Quality Conformity Case Studies,” Transportation Research Record 1472, 1995, pp. 1–8.

16 ISTEA has been assessed from various perspectives, and generally fared well: J. DiStefano and M. Raimi, Five Years of Progress: 110 Communities Where ISTEA Is Making a Difference, Surface Transportation Policy Project, Washington, D.C., 1996; J.H. Andrews, “Metro Power: With ISTEA, MPOs Have Found There’s No Such Thing as Politics as Usual,” Planning, Vol. 62, June 1996, pp. 8–12; Federal Transit Administration (FTA), Planning, Devebping, and Implementing Community-Sensitive Transit, Livable Communities Initiative, Washington, D.C., 1996; T.L. Shaw, “The Impacts of ISTEA on Metropolitan Planning Practice,” ITE 1996 Compendium of Technical Papers, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 369–373; U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), Planning Progress: Addressing ISTEA Requirements in Metropolitan Pbnning Areas, Washington, D.C., 1996; Surface Transportation Policy Project, “Five Years Later…,” Progress, Vol. 6, January 1997; and I.M. Chan (ed.), Building on the Past: Traveling to the Future, Federal Highway Administration/National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C., undated. For a skeptic’s view, see N. Denno, “ISTEA’s Innovative Funding: Something Old, New and Borrowed,” Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 48, 1994, pp. 275–285.

17 Florida has substituted a “mobility management process” for the federally mandated statewide congestion management system. Quoting the state’s work plan: “By selecting ‘mobility’ with an emphasis on modal choice over ‘congestion’ (which most people primarily think of in terms of automobile traffic), performance measures must go beyond highway level of service measures and probably even beyond transit performance measures.” Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Florida’s Mobility Management Process/Congestion Management System Work Plan, Tallahassee, 1994, p. 51.

18 Department of Community Development, Toward Managing Growth in Washington: A Guide to Community Visioning, State of Washington, Olympia, 1991, p. 3.

19 The following language was added to s. 163.3167, Florida Statutes:
Each local government is encouraged to articulate a vision of the future physical appearance and qualities of its community as a component of its local comprehensive plan. The vision should be developed through a collaborative planning process with meaningful public participation, and shall be adopted by the governing body of the jurisdiction.… The state land planning agency [DCA] shall serve as a clearinghouse for creating a community vision of the future and may utilize the Growth Management Trust Fund, created by s. 186.911, to provide grants to help pay the costs of local visioning programs. When a local vision of the future has been created, a local government should review its comprehensive plan, land development regulations, and capital improvement program to ensure that these instruments will help move the community toward its vision in a manner consistent with this act and with the state comprehensive plan.

20 Visioning techniques are described in Department of Community Development, op. cit.; R.L. Thomas, M.C. Means, and M.A. Grieve, Taking Charge: How Communities Are Planning Their Futures, International City Management Association, Washington, D.C., 1988; American Institute of Architects, Design Your Town, Washington, D.C., 1992; S.C. Ames (ed.), Guide to Community Visioning: Hands on Information for Local Communities, Oregon Visions Project, City of Sherwood, Oregon, 1993; K.J. Hirsch, “A Vision for the Florida Visioning Process,” Community Planning, Vol. 2, April 1993, pp. 1, 4–5; Snohomish County Transportation Authority, A Guide to Land Use and Public Transportation—Volume II: Applying the Concepts, Lynn...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Acknowledgments
• I. Introduction
• II. New Approach to Mobility
• III. Elements of Mobility Planning
• IV. Land Planning for Accessibility
• V. Travel Demand Management
• VI. Transportation System Management
• VII. Enhanced Transit Service
• VIII. Pedestrian- and Bicycle-Friendly Design
• IX. Beyond Speed—The Next Generation of Performance Measures
• Endnotes