Internet of Things

From the Foundations to the Latest Frontiers in Research

Kolla Bhanu Prakash, Kolla Bhanu Prakash

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9783110677775
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Semantics
• Index: Computer Science

This book explains the fundamentals of the Internet of Things – from different architectures for managing IoT platforms to the insights on trust, security, and privacy in IoT environments, including consumer electronic devices or home applications. This opens the doors to new innovations that will build novel interactions among things and humans, and enables the realization of smart cities, infrastructures, and services.

The book presents a complete overview on the research and the technology of this rapidly emerging topic.

1 Introduction to the Internet of things

Enireddy Vamsidhar

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India

C. Karthikeyan

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India

D. Banerjee

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

The Internet of things (IoT) is one of the most developing and hot topics in engineering and technology, which has massive growth and attracts many researchers, technologists, scientists, entrepreneurs, and start-ups. In IoT, the word thing refers to devices that have inbuilt sensors capable of gathering and transmitting the information in a network automatically without the need of a human being. It can also make decisions as technology is embedded into it, helping it to interact with the internal and external state of surroundings. IoT can connect multiple sensors or devices in a network, helping in communicating and transmitting data and messages with each other using the Internet. It integrated the physical world with the Internet and allows devices to be controlled remotely, creating many opportunities for a direct establishment of a link to the devices. It has entered into many fields, creating a lot of revenue, better lifestyles, ease of doing things, growth in the economy, generating employment, and also improved efficiency and accuracy. It created technologies like smart cities, smart homes, smart grids, and smart transportation, thereby saving everyone’s resources, time, and money. The technology consists of an umbrella of many technologies combined in it. Sensors, microcontrollers, operating systems, networking, security, data mining, machine learning, network protocols, and data communications are needed to support the IoT for successful implementation. Already, the revenue generated by this technology has crossed $40 billion and is increasing. IoT helps maintain the privacy of the people, trust, and security, and indeed much research is still going on to improve these fields in the technology. Many companies adopting IoT have shown more significant progress in terms of generating revenue, innovation, and saving human time. But the technology has to focus more on the secure transmission of data and to develop the standard protocols as there is an urgent need since the network is of heterogeneous objects and technology is continuously evolving.

Keywords: Internet of things, Semantic web, Smart applications, Protocols, Security,

1.1 What is the Internet of things?

According to Rouse, Brown, and Hendricks [1, 2, 3, 4], “The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction” but it does not sound good to cover the definition of IoT. Therefore, a broader definition and explanation of IoT is as follows:

There are more disarray and vulnerability about the Internet of Things than about the most different advancements. This is, to some degree, because of the way that IoT isn’t only a solitary innovation, however, a catch-all umbrella expression used to portray what is extremely abroad arrangement of advances [5].

According to the IDC Asia Pacific Retail, the wing characterizes the IoT as a network that sums up. It connects extraordinarily recognizable endpoints, devices, wired, or remote, that impart self-ruling utilizing IP network. As indicated by the IDC Asia Pacific Retail Trend Analysis 2017, about a portion of the retail associations crosswise over Asia Pacific know about the advantages of IoT. Out of these retail associations, just about a half are as of now utilizing IoT in their organizations, while the other half are as yet researching materialness and assessing innovation sellers [5].

The brilliant wearable that works self-ruling is remembered for this definition since the self-sufficiency of activity is a crucial part of IoT that would reject numerous different wearables. IDC rejects cell phones, tablets, and PCs from IoT gadgets and connected devices based on private and closed loop networking [5].

1.1.1 What IoT is not

There are a few misinterpretations about IoT. For instance, programmed checking, detecting, and cautioning can be of significant profitability upgrade. However, this is not IoT in a specialized sense. The primary concern is that giving an IP network to an endpoint does not make it IoT.

Once more, as indicated by the IDC definition, shrewd installments are not IoT empowered. The most effective method to successfully deal with the danger of two independent gadgets starting installment without human actuation is as yet an issue for installment frameworks. While there are portions of the exchange where machine-to-machine (M2M) innovation deals with the transmission of installment data, there are barely any investigators in the retail business that think the installments procedure will be self-governing before 2020 [5].

Maybe the initial step for retailers is to get a clear image of what IoT is and is not. However, as significant as that central information seems to be, what is most notable is deciding the information technology (IT) speculation required, the open doors it presents, and whether another innovation speaks to a decent offer.

1.1.2 IoT in past, present, and future

In the twenty-first century, the era of the Information Age, rapid increase in technology is paving the way for future in which computers dominate the human intelligence and also overcome the capability of computing the things by the humans like electronic devices, since the IoT is able to manage these devices remotely using the Internet. This technology has a long history in the development and taking the shape of what it is today.

In early 1990, John Ramkey and his companion Simon Hackett implemented the first IoT by controlling the toaster using the Internet [6, 7]. He switched the toaster on and off using the Internet and paved the first path for the IoT. The device is connected to the Internet using a transmission control protocol (TCP)/Internet protocol (IP) network, and controlling is done using simple network management protocol management information base . It has the control to switch on the power of the device, and by controlling the time of storage of power in the device, the darkness of toast is also controlled. The one thing that has to be done by the human is that the bread in the device should be kept by him only. In 1999, a small crane robot that can be controlled over the Internet was used to hold bread and drop into the device, which has entirely made the device fully automated [6, 7]. Now a large number of devices can be controlled, which includes a refrigerator, air conditioners, beverage vending machines, and many others that we use daily. The great leap in this technology happened in 1999 with Kevin Ashton’s discovery of a global radio-frequency identification (RFID) that had identified a system, and then a rapid commercializing had taken place in IoT.

The t...