Chapter One
Lincoln the Law Student
This is a story about a man with a secret ready to be revealed. But first it is necessary to see what this man, President Abraham Lincoln, was made of. Some think that as a political leader he functioned as a dictator. But Lincoln scholar Emanuel Hertz points out that many of the toughest issues he faced were legal in nature:
Friends from Illinois who knew Lincoln as a lawyer, such as Judge David Davis, former Lincoln law partner Stephen T. Logan, and fellow attorney Leonard Swett, were main backers who helped Lincoln obtain his third-ballot Republican presidential nomination in 1860. They believed in Lincolnâs ability to meet the looming challenges, whether political or legal in nature.
In an 1895 Lincoln Day speech, William McKinley gave the following assessment of Lincolnâs preparation for the presidency. (Note: we have throughout retained the original spelling and punctuation in our use of 19th-century materials.) But the best training he had for the Presidency, after all, was his twenty three years arduous experience as a lawyer travelling the circuit of the courts of his district and State. Here he met in forensic contests, and frequently defeated, some of the most powerful legal minds of the west. In the higher courts he won still greater distinction in the important cases committed to his charge.
Lincolnâs journey to this lofty level started with the basics. His formal education, birth to death, totaled less than one year. In 1858, Lincoln borrowed George Washingtonâs term âdefectiveâ to describe his own education. In a short 1859 autobiography Lincoln stated:
For an ordinary person, this backwoods (lack of) education would have been a serious impediment. But Lincoln refused to succumb to ignorance. He was a model for self-education. And that self-education, âpicked up from time to time under the pressure of necessity,â showed focus, vision, insight and pragmatism, and facilitated logical reasoning, communication, and conflict resolution. Several of these areas will be addressed separately below.
Close friend Joshua Speed reported that Lincoln considered himself a slow learner, but once he learned something, he did not forget. Study and experience taught Lincoln both how to think and how to do. What Lincoln learned was rather ordinary; how he learned it frequently was not. His selection and leveraging of his knowledge seems simple only because of its elegance. The result was stunningâincluding the improbability of someone with such a humble background achieving it. Humility was one secret of Lincolnâs ability to learn and do.
Logical Reasoning
Joseph Gillespie, a fellow attorney and later an Illinois judge, wrote: âHe did not seem to think that to be of much value which could not be proven or rather demonstrated His love of and capacity for analysis was wonderful He analysed every proposition with startling clearness and only discussed those branches of his case upon which it hinged leaving the others clear out of view.â
While a student in a one-room school, Lincoln showed a keen mind for arithmetic, for several years keeping a sum book with results. In school, he was at the head of his class.
Lincoln moved to New Salem, Illinois, in 1831. In 1834, he became a surveyor there. He studied A System of Geometry and Trigonometry: Together with a Treatise on Surveying. From it he learned basic geometric definitions, rudimentary logic of geometric proofs, and trigonometry. His primary aim was to lay a practical foundation for surveying; but a critical mental path was forming.
At 40, after returning to Springfield from Congress, Lincoln began serious self-study of Euclidâs first six books. His purpose was to improve his ability to make logical legal arguments, or âdemonstrations.â William Herndon, Lincolnâs law partner, reported that Lincoln, while traveling on the Eighth Circuit, stayed up late after everyone else was in bed. Concentrating through the snoring, Lincoln studied and learned Euclid by candlelight. Henry Whitney wrote about Lincoln: âI once knew of his making a pupil of a hostler [horse caretaker] in his study of Euclid on the circuit. He did not, like Archimedes, run through the streets crying âEureka!â but he was so joyous at his geometrical lesson that he must share his happiness, even though he could find no better auditor than a stableman.â
George Anastaplo observed in 2005 that a knowledge of geometric logic improves oneâs reasoning ability: âA proper study of geometry can help one grasp what it means not only to know something but also to be able to demonstrate (to share with others) what one has learned.â (emphasis in original)
Oral Communication
Lincoln learned not only how to think but how to speakâwell. Stephen A. Douglas was nicknamed the âLittle Giantâ for his short stature and great oratorical skills. Early in his career Douglas was regarded as âfar and away the foremost orator in Illinois.â Douglas described his education:
This was the Douglas whom Lincoln took on in the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates during the 1858 United States Senate campaignâand Lincoln held his own, gaining national recognition.
From early on Lincoln seized opportunities to practice and improve his speaking. A young Abraham in Indiana gave speeches to children. He mounted a stump, chair or box and told stories and anecdotes. In one instance, at age 15, he amused children by standing on a stump and repeating âalmost word for word the sermon he had heard the Sunday before.â In his late teens Lincoln attended circuit court to observe trials. He attended an 1828 murder trial in Boonville, Indiana. At the trial, Lincoln heard attorney John Brackenridge speak. After 1828, Brackenridge moved to Texas, and Lincoln did not see him again until 1862. In 1862 Brackenridge met President Lincoln in Washington; Lincoln immediately recognized Brackenridge. Lincoln told Brackenridge that he had made up his mind to be a lawyer after hearing Brackenridgeâs 1828 speech. Said Lincoln, âIt was the best speech that I, up to that time, Ever heard. If I could, as I then thought make as good a speech as that, that my Soul would be satisfied.â
Even before he was a member of the bar, Lincoln represented people in the court of Justice of the Peace Bowling Green. Jason Duncan, a New Salem Lincoln contemporary, reported: