Small-Angle Scattering

Theory, Instrumentation, Data, and Applications

Ian W. Hamley

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781119768340
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING

A comprehensive and timely volume covering contemporary research, practical techniques, and theoretical approaches to SAXS and SANS

Small-Angle Scattering: Theory, Instrumentation, Data, and Applications provides authoritative coverage of both small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and grazing incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) including GISAXS and GISANS. This single-volume resource offers readers an up-to-date view of the state of the field, including the theoretical foundations, experimental methods, and practical applications of small-angle scattering (SAS) techniques including laboratory and synchrotron SAXS and reactor/spallation SANS.

Organized into six chapters, the text first describes basic theory, instrumentation, and data analysis. The following chapters contain in-depth discussion on various applications of SAXS and SANS and GISAXS and GISANS, and on specific techniques for investigating structure and order in soft materials, biomolecules, and inorganic and magnetic materials. Author Ian Hamley draws from his more than thirty years' experience working with many systems, instruments, and types of small-angle scattering experiments across most European facilities to present the most complete introduction to the field available. This book:

• Presents uniquely broad coverage of practical and theoretical approaches to SAXS and SANS
• Includes practical information on instrumentation and data analysis
• Offers useful examples and an accessible and concise presentation of topics
• Covers new developments in the techniques of SAXS and SANS, including GISAXS and GISANS

Small-Angle Scattering: Theory, Instrumentation, Data, and Applications is a valuable source of detailed information for researchers and postgraduate students in the field, as well as other researchers using X-ray and neutron scattering to investigate soft materials, other nanostructured materials and biomolecules such as proteins.

1
Basic Theory

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Small‐angle scattering (SAS) is an important technique in the characterization of the structure and order in nanostructured materials as well as biomolecules and other solutions and suspensions. This book covers both small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS, the subject of Chapter 4) and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS, discussed in Chapter 5) as well as grazing incidence small‐angle scattering (GISAS, Chapter 6). This book does not discuss small‐angle light scattering (also known as static light scattering, SLS), which is a separate topic. Although there are many similarities in the theory, light scattering is the subject of many specialist texts [1, 2], as well as chapters in texts about general SAS [3, 4]. This book also includes in Chapters 3 and 4 discussion of wide‐angle scattering, especially wide‐angle x‐ray scattering (WAXS), which can be performed along with SAXS in the characterization of certain nanomaterials including polymers and nanoparticle systems with crystal or partially crystalline ordering. Instrumentation for the different types of measurement is discussed in Chapter 3 and data analysis processes are discussed in Chapter 2.

SAS, by the nature of reciprocal space, is suited to probe structures with sizes in the approximate range 1–100 nm, which is the structural size scale corresponding to many types of soft and hard nanomaterial as well as biomolecules such as proteins in solution. Considering Bragg's law, the scattering from such large structures will be observed at small angles (less than a few degrees of scattering angle 2θ). Wide‐angle scattering covers the 0.1–1 nm range. Ultra‐small‐angle scattering (USAXS and USANS), also discusse...