To solve the tasks set and achieve the goal of the study, the authors resorted to such scientific methods as comparative historical and urban planning analysis and sociological research. Within the framework of the presented study, a questionnaire survey of experts with different professional and role competencies was conducted in 2020-2021. The results of the survey helped in a more detailed study of the topic raised. As for substantiating materials, fragments of research (Babylonskaya 2017), which were conducted by the authors of the article as part of the creative team in 2017-2019, were used. according to the justification for assigning the status of a historical settlement to the historical building of the city of Samara (SP Samara).
2.1 The European experience of urban reconstruction
The famous American urbanist great Jane Jacobs, the author of the book “The Life and Death of Great American Cities”, believes that a large city needs a combination of new buildings with old ones, including architectural monuments. She believes: “New ideas need old buildings in the immediate vicinity. Otherwise, they are too immersed in the general environment with its generalized lures, too limited economically, and therefore functionally, to be lively, interesting, and convenient. Blooming diversity anywhere in a big city suggests a mix of high -, middle -, low -, and zero-income businesses” (Jacobs 2019).
The urban environment is formed in the form of a system of artistic images (Orloa et al. 2018), which are created in the context of functional, architectural-spatial, semantic, and socio-cultural aspects. These images form visual information about the identity of the urban space, its historical and architectural potential (Akhmedova 2015).
The analysis of the world experience of approaches to the organization of the architectural and urban planning environment, considering the preservation of architectural heritage objects and historically valuable city-forming objects near railway stations, can help to avoid mistakes in the formation of a diverse and identical urban environment, a memorable image field of the city, as well as to create more aesthetic, effective and universal urban spaces. (Akhmedova & Kuznetsov, 2020).
Zurich (Switzerland)
On the left bank of the Limmat River, there are vast territories occupied by the railway right-of-way. It cuts through the city and ends on the banks of the river with the historic building of the main railway station in Zurich. The railway station is located in a cramped historical environment, not far from the Swiss National Museum, which is a historical site that was reconstructed and expanded with a new wing in the first half of the 2010s.
The railway is the southern border of the industrial district of Zurich, which is bounded in the north by the Limmat River. A small part of this area is known as the Escher Wyss quarter, in the place of which for almost one and a half hundred years until the middle of the 20th century. The machine-building plant was located. After its closure in the second half of the XX century. this area of the city began to be actively built up with public and residential buildings, among which there are several large hotels, as well as a tecnopark, office and business centers, sports complexes, theaters, super-markets, etc. It is important to note that a significant part of the new functions is located in historical sites (Akhmedova & Kuznetsov, 2020).
The railway station district of Zurich is characterized by a harmonious combination of buildings of different periods of development, contrasting in architecture and functional content. At the same time, they are united by a high-quality design of the urban environment.
Vienna (Austria)
The main part of the railway in Basel is located in the structure of a dense historical urban development. There are two main railway stations in the city.
One of them, the Basel Badischer Bahnhof, is located on the right bank of the Rhine, in the so-called Lesser Basel. The area around it is interesting for the objects located not just in pedestrian proximity to the railway, but directly adjacent to the right-of-way of the railway. Quite close to the train station, there is a historic building - the covered market Markthalle Basel, whose building was erected in 1929-1930 and underwent significant renovation and expansion in 2006-2012. Not far from it are located newer buildings of the second half of the 20th century, as well as the beginning of the 2000s: conference center “Viaduktstrasse” and the tower of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), architectural objects Peter Merian Haus and Jacob Burckhardt Haus (architect Hans Zwimpfer). All of them are on the same side of the railway.
On the other side, there are also buildings of interest. These are several buildings by the famous architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, among which it is worth noting the signal post of the Central Signal Box railway.
The Bahnhof Basel SBB station forecourt is also an excellent example of a polyphonic combination of historical and modern architectural objects of high artistic and aesthetic quality, mixed functional use, and universal design of open spaces in the urban environment.
Bern (Switzerland)
The Bern railway runs through the center of the city. Its railway station, the second largest in Swit-zerland after Zurich, is located in the historic center and is itself a historical site. Nearby it there are such monuments as the University of Bern, the Church of the Holy Spirit, Bern Cathedral, as well as the Fed-eral Palace at Bundesplatz square.
As in other previously considered Swiss Tsar cities (Zurich and Basel), the urban development of Bern comes very close to the railway right-of-way. The typology of this development is quite diverse. Along with public buildings, there is also a lot of housing. In some places, civil buildings are separated from the railway by industrial buildings and research facilities, such as, for example, a complex of university buildings and a waste processing center (Akhmedova & Kuznetsov 2020).
The analysis of the existing architectural environment of the railway station district of Bern also shows the diversity an...
