Tera-Tom Genius Series - Kognitio Architecture and SQL

Tom Coffing, Leona Coffing

• Publisher: Coffing Publishing
• Year: 2016
• Topic: Computer Science
• eBook ISBN:
  9781940540382
• Subtopic: Data Warehousing
• Index: Computer Science

One of the most exciting database inventions is in-memory technology. Kognitio has been the pioneer of the in-memory database and it is brilliant for both on-premises and cloud technology. This book details the architecture of the Kognitio and the SQL commands available. This book is perfect for anyone who works with a Kognitio system. This book educates readers on how to create tables, how the data is distributed, and how the system process the data. Plus, it is followed up with over 500 pages of SQL examples and explanations. This book is a must have for anyone designing, implementing or querying a Kognitio system. Authors Tera-Tom Coffing, who has written over 75 successful books, and Leona Coffing, Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Coffing Data Warehousing, bring a combined 40 years of data warehouse knowledge to create this must have book.

Chapter 1 – Introduction to the Kognitio Architecture

“I saw the angel in the marble and carved until I set him free.”

– Michelangelo

What is Parallel Processing?

“After enlightenment, the laundry”

- Zen Proverb

“After parallel processing the laundry, enlightenment!”

- Kognitio Zen Proverb

Two guys were having fun on a Saturday night when one said, “I’ve got to go and do my laundry.” The other said, “What?!” The man explained that if he went to the laundry mat the next morning, he would be lucky to get one machine and be there all day. But, if he went on Saturday night he could get all the machines. Then, he could do all his wash and dry in two hours. Now that’s parallel processing mixed in with a little dry humor!

The Basics of a Single Computer

“When you are courting a nice girl, an hour seems like a second. When
you sit on a red-hot cinder, a second seems like an hour. That’s relativity.”

– Albert Einstein

Data on disk does absolutely nothing. When data is requested, the computer moves the data one block at a time from disk into memory. Once the data is in memory, it is processed by the CPU at lightning speed. All computers work this way. The "Achilles Heel" of every computer is the slow process of moving data from disk to memory. The real theory of relativity is to find out how to get blocks of data from the disk into memory faster!

Data in Memory is fast as Lightning

“You can observe a lot by watching.”

– Yogi Berra

Once the data block is moved off of the disk and into memory, the processing of that block happens as fast as lightning. It is the movement of the block from disk into memory that slows down every computer. Data being processed in memory is so fast that even Yogi Berra couldn't catch it!

Parallel Processing Of Data

"If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts."

-Albert Einstein

Big Data is all about parallel processing. Parallel processing is all about taking the rows of a table and spreading them among many parallel processing units. In Kognitio, these parallel processing units are referred to as Nodes. Above, we can see a table called Orders. There are 16 rows in the table. Each Node holds four rows. Now they can process the data in parallel and be four times as fast. What Albert Einstein meant to say was, “If the theory doesn't fit the dimension table, change it to a fact." Each Node shares nothing and holds a portion of every table.

Kognitio is an In-Memory System

•Kognitio distributes the rows of every table equally across each and every node.

•The tables are loaded into memory so they can be queried at lightning speeds.

•The combination of parallel processing and in-memory technology makes Kognitio
one of the fastest systems in the word for processing large amounts of data.

Kognitio pins tables in memory so when they are queried the speeds are incredible. The Achilles Heel of every computer is in moving data from disk into memory, but Kognitio does this at startup so queries are fast.

Kognitio has Three Table Distribution Options

1)Random - Round Robin Distribution (Default)

2)Hash Distributed

3)Replicated

Most Kognitio tables will use a Round Robin distribution. This is the default when no distribution key is defined. The data is spread evenly across the nodes to maximize parallel processing.

Hash distribution. A column(s) are chosen as the distribution key. This column(s) is run through the Kognitio hashing algorithm to divide data among all of the nodes. Like values will hash to the same node. This is often done when two tables are joined together. When the join key is also the distribution key for both tables, the join works fast and efficient.

Replicated: A table can be replicated in its entirety on all nodes. This is often done when a smaller table, such as a dimension table(s) will be joined to a larger table.

Kognitio makes creating tables and distribution easy. Check out the fundamentals above.

Kognitio has Linear Scalability

"A Journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step."

- Lao Tzu

Kognitio was born to be parallel. With each query, a single step is performed in parallel by each Node. A Kognitio system consists of a series of Nodes that will work in parallel to store and process your data. This design allows you to start small and grow infinitely. If your Kognitio system provides you with an excellent Return on Investment (ROI), then continue to invest by purchasing more Node nodes. Most companies start small, but after seeing what Kognitio can do, they continue to grow their ROI from the single step of implementing a Kognitio system to millions of dollars in profits. Double your nodes and double your speeds. . . . Forever. The Kognitio Data Warehouse actually provides a journey of a thousand smiles!

Nexus is Now Available for Kognitio

Why the Nexus Chameleon should be your query tool of choice:

1)Queries every major system

2)Provides visualization and automa...

Table of contents

• Cover
• The Tera-Tom Video Series
• Current Books in the Tera-Tom Genius Series
• Current Books in the Tera-Tom Genius Series
• Our Recommended Book in The Tera-Tom Genius Series
• Tera-Tom- Author of over 75 Books
• The Best Query Tool Works on all Systems
• Trademarks and Copyrights
• About Tom Coffing
• About Leona Coffing
• Contents
• Chapter 1 – Introduction to the Kognitio Architecture
• Chapter 2 – Kognitio Table Structures
• Chapter 3 - Nexus
• Chapter 4 – The Basics of SQL
• Chapter 5 – The WHERE Clause
• Chapter 6 – Distinct, Group By and TOP
• Chapter 7 – Aggregation
• Chapter 8 – Join Functions
• Chapter 9 – Date Functions
• Chapter 10 – Sub-query Functions
• Chapter 11 – OLAP Functions
• Chapter 12 – Temporary Tables
• Chapter 13 –Strings
• Chapter 14 – Interrogating the Data
• Chapter 15 – Set Operators Functions
• Chapter 16 – View Functions
• Chapter 17 – Table Create and Data Types
• Chapter 18 – Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Chapter 19 – Kognitio Explain
• Chapter 20 – Statistical Aggregate Functions