Traditional Chinese Medicine Cupping Therapy - E-Book

Ilkay Z. Chirali

• Publisher: Churchill Livingstone
• Year: 2014
• eBook ISBN: 9780702058349
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Alternative & Complementary Medicine

This new edition explores and describes techniques of cupping in the context of TCM theory. It provides a clear and detailed set of practical guidelines to applying this technique for various common conditions, and looks closely at issues of safety, expectation and theoretical principles of action. This new edition includes new scientific research on cupping therapy and the effect on the immune system as well as new material on muscular pain, stress management and cupping therapy and sports medicine. Adedicated websitecomplements the text with video clips showing the eleven methods of cupping therapy.

• DVD containing 12 video clips showing the use of cupping in practice.
• Unique scienfitic research on cupping therapy and the effect on the immune system.
• LI>16 page colour plate section containing 63 halftones.
• New page layout including new features.
• Thoroughly revised and updated throughout with more details allocated to individual treatment and methods.
• LI>New material on muscular pain, stress management and cupping therapy and sports medicine.

1

History of Cupping Therapy

CHAPTER CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION, 1

EARLY CUPPING METHODS, 1

CUPPING IN THE WESTERN WORLD AND THE MIDDLE EAST (HEJAMA / HIJAMA), 4

CUPPING IN THE JEWISH TRADITION, 4

CUPPING IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE MUSLIM WORLD (HEJAMA / HIJAMA), 5

PRESENT CHALLENGES FACING THE CONTEMPORARY MIDDLE EASTERN CUPPING THERAPY PRACTITIONER, 6

REGULATION OF THE PRACTICE OF CUPPING THERAPY, 7

NEW INTEREST IN CUPPING THERAPY, 7

CONTEMPORARY CUPPING EQUIPMENT, 8

REFERENCES, 16

INTRODUCTION

Cupping as a therapeutic medium is simple, safe and at the same time quite an effective treatment tool. Cupping therapy has been in practice for several thousand years. Perhaps the simplicity of cupping in application has been a major contributing factor for the cupping underuse in modern medicine, particularly during the early 20th century where complicated medical apparatus and medications were invented and introduced to the mainstream medicinal use. The earliest written evidence was by the ancient Egyptians and also by Chinese doctors. Cupping practice, however, was not limited to the above two cultures. From east to west and north to south, many civilizations adopted cupping as part of their ‘in-house’ medicine and, later, integrated cupping practice as part of their mainstream medicine (Chirali, 2007).

EARLY CUPPING METHODS (FIGS 1-1 to 1-5)

Cupping therapy has been used in China and some African countries for several thousand years. At first it was applied using cattle horn and consequently was also called ‘horn therapy’ (see Fig. 1-3). To create a negative pressure inside the horn, the cupping practitioner used his mouth to physically suck the air out from a hole on top of the horn, thus creating a negative suction inside the horn! With the introduction of bamboo, earthenware and later on the glass cups, fire was ignited to expel the air.

Figure 1-1 Scarificator with 13 lancets, 17th century, European. (Reproduced courtesy of the British Science Museum / Science and Society Picture Library.)

Figure 1-2 Cupping set, 1878. Cupping aimed to draw poisonous substances from the body and was popular from Roman times until the late 19th century. (Reproduced courtesy of the British Science Museum / Science and Society Picture Library.)

Figure 1-3 (A, B) An African medicine man or shaman applying the technique of cupping to a patient using animal horns; this involves drawing blood to the surface of the body. (Wellcome Institute Library, London.)

Figure 1-4 A surgeon applying the method of cupping to a patient. Etching by Brandini. (Wellcome Institute Library, London.)

Figure 1-5 One of a group of soldiers having his arm cupped; this represents the political situation of France in relation to German states in 1820. (Wellcome Institute Library, London.)

As far as safety was concerned, the length of the horn would be the only protection afforded to the practitioner! This method is still employed in some rural developing countries for treating boils and carbuncles. Cupping was then used as an auxiliary method in traditional Chinese surgery. Later it was found to be effective in other diseases, and developed into a special therapeutic method.

The earliest record of cupping is in Bo Shu (an ancient book written on silk), which was discovered in an ancient tomb of the Han Dynasty in 1973 (Chen Bin, Dr He Chong, personal communications, 1995). Some therapeutic cupping methods were also introduced in a book by Zouhou Fang in about 28 AD (Chen Bin, Dr He Chong, personal communications, 1995). Cases of treatment of tuberculosis were recorded in Weitaimiyao in 755 AD. Three hundred years later, another ancient classic, Susen Liang Fang, recorded an effective cure for chronic cough and the successful treatment of poisonous snake bites using cupping therapy (Chen Bin, Dr He Chong, personal communications, 1995).

About 500 years ago, a famous surgeon called Wei Ke Zen Zong presented a detailed record of the cupping methods used in surgical practice (Chen Bin, Dr He Chong, private communications, 1995). Through several thousand years of accumulated clinical experience, the clinical applications of cupping have become increasingly wide. During the Jin dynasty, Ge Hong (281–341 AD), in his book A Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies, first mentioned the use of animal horns as a means of draining pustules (Chirali, 2007). Zhao Xueming of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), in his Supplement to Outline of Herbal Pharmacopoeia, wrote a separate chapter on the subject under the heading ‘Fire-Jar Qi’. The original natural horn cup has been replaced by bamboo, ceramic or glass cups (some of my African patients report that horn cupping is still used today in rural Africa as the only way to expel poison from bites). Because cupping is widely used in Chinese folklore culture, the technique has been inherited by the modern Chinese clinical practitioner.

There is a saying in China: ‘acupuncture and cupping, more than half of the ills cured.’ Zhao Xue Ming, a doctor practising more than 200 years ago, compiled a book entitled Ben Cao Gang Mu She Yi, in which he describes in detail the history and origin of different kinds of cupping and cup shapes, functions and applications. In mainland China, the development of cupping therapy has been particularly rapid. In the 1950s the clinical efficacy of cupping was confirmed by further research in China and acupuncturists from the former Soviet Union, and was established as an official therapy practice in hospitals all over China. This issue substantially stimulated the development of further cupping research.

CUPPING IN THE WESTERN WORLD AND THE MIDDLE EAST (HEJAMA / HIJAMA)

Just how popular was cupping and to what extent was it used in the West? Were the applications and conditions similar to those in ancient China? To find an answer to these questions, I have examined a wealth of medical information and found useful data regarding cupping therapy in both ancient and contemporary clinical practice around the world. In particular, the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine in London has been an invaluable source.

‘Cupping is an art’ wrote the London cupper Samuel Bayfield in 1823, ‘the value of which every one can appreciate who has had opportunities of being made acquainted with its curative power by observing its effects on the person of others, or by realising them in his own.’ For thousands of years all medical authors have distinguished two forms of cupping: Dry and Wet. In Dry cupping no blood is actually removed from the body. A cup is drained of air and applied to the skin, causing the skin to tumefy (swell). In Wet cupping the process begins with Dry cupping and is followed by several incisions being made in the skin, in order to collect blood.

In 1826, the surgeon Charles Kennedy wrote:

The art of Cupping has been so well known, and the benefits arising from it so long experienced, that it is quite unnecessary to bring forward testimonials in favour of what has received not only the approbation of modern times, but also the sanction of the remotest antiquity.

Am...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Dedication
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface to the First Edition
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Preface to the Third Edition
• Acknowledgements
• Glossary
• Acupuncture/Acupressure Points
• 1. History of Cupping Therapy
• 2. Cupping’s Folk Heritage: People in Practice
• 3. Cupping in Buddhist Medicine
• 4. Benefits of Cupping Therapy
• 5. Preparing the Patient for Cupping Treatment
• 6. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapies that Can Safely Introduce Cupping to their Treatment Protocol
• 7. The Cupping Procedure
• 8. What to Expect During and after Cupping Therapy
• 9. Twelve Methods of Cupping Therapy
• 10. Cupping Therapy on Children and Adults
• 11. Cosmetic Cupping Therapy
• 12. Cupping Therapy in the Treatment of Common Disorders
• 13. Treating Miscellaneous Disorders with Cupping Therapy
• 14. Sports Injuries
• 15. Myofascial Trigger Points Cupping Therapy
• 16. Cupping Therapy Evidence-Based Research
• 17. Frequently Asked Questions and Precautions and Contraindications
• Index