Atlas of Pediatric Echocardiography

Filip Kucera

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9780323759823
• Topic: Medicina
• Subtopic: Medicina pediatrica

Written by Dr. Filip Kucera, a pediatric cardiology consultant at Great Ormond Street Hospital, Atlas of Pediatric Echocardiography provides "next level" guidance for clinicians who want to improve their echocardiographic skills. It covers a wide range of levels, from a beginner to an advanced level. This highly illustrated atlas is an excellent resource not only for pediatric cardiologists and trainees in pediatric cardiology, but also neonatologists, pediatric intensivists, and pediatricians with an interest in echocardiography.

• Contains over 800 high-quality echocardiograms, depicting normal views followed by congenital and acquired cardiovascular defects and other conditions.
• Provides clear explanations for all pathology images for a clear understanding of the diagnosis.
• Includes a guide to normal echocardiographic examination.
• Covers segmental approach to congenital heart disease; atrial, ventricular and atrio-ventricular septal defects; diseases of the mitral, tricuspid, left and right ventricular outflow tract; double outlet right ventricle; tetralogy of Fallot; transposition of the great arteries; truncus arteriosus; functionally single ventricle; PDA; coarctation and interruption of the aorta; vascular rings; pulmonary and systemic venous anomalies; congenital coronary artery abnormalities; myocarditis; cardiomyopathies; Kawasaki disease; rheumatic heart disease; infective endocarditis; pericardial disease; cardiac tumors; pulmonary hypertension; genetic syndromes; mechanical circulatory support; heart transplantation and more.

Part B

Congenital heart defects

Outline

Chapter 3. Atrial septal defects

Chapter 4. Ventricular septal defects

Chapter 5. Atrio-ventricular septal defects

Chapter 6. Diseases of the mitral valve

Chapter 7. Diseases of the tricuspid valve

Chapter 8. Diseases of the left ventricular outflow tract

Chapter 9. Diseases of the right ventricular outflow tract

Chapter 10. Double outlet right ventricle

Chapter 11. Tetralogy of Fallot

Chapter 12. Transposition of the great arteries

Chapter 13. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries

Chapter 14. Persistent truncus arteriosus

Chapter 15. Functionally single ventricle

Chapter 16. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and aorto-pulmonary window

Chapter 17. Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch

Chapter 18. Vascular rings

Chapter 19. Pulmonary and systemic venous anomalies

Chapter 20. Congenital coronary artery abnormalities

Chapter 3: Atrial septal defects (ASDs)

Abstract

Atrial septal defects are defects of the atrial septum. Patent foramen ovale is a small interatrial communication, where the septum primum and secundum overlap but fail to fuse. Ostium secundum atrial septal defect is characterized by an incomplete cover of the ostium secundum by the septum secundum. Ostium primum atrial septal defect is the result of incomplete fusion between the septum primum and the atrio-ventricular endocardial cushions. This malformation falls into the spectrum of the atrio-ventricular septal defects. Sinus venosus superior or inferior defects are characterized by the superior or inferior vena cava overriding the interatrial septum without its involvement. Coronary sinus defect is an abnormal communication between the coronary sinus and left atrium that is functionally equivalent to an interatrial communication. Treatment of atrial septal defects consists either in surgical, or in some patients, in transcatheter closure.

Keywords

ASD; Atrial septal defect; Coronary sinus defect; Ostium primum atrial septal defect; Ostium secundum atrial septal defect; Patent foramen ovale; Sinus venosus inferior defect; Sinus venosus superior defect

The atrial septation starts with the development of septum primum, which is followed by the formation of septum secundum. Subsequently, both septae fuse and thus form the interatrial septum. This process is complex, and its disruption can lead to different types of atrial septal defects.

Figure 1 Embryological components of the interatrial septum.

Patent foramen ovale is a common finding in young children, and its overall prevalence is estimated at approximately 20% in the general population. It is a small interatrial communication, where the septum primum and secundum overlap but fail to fuse after birth, allowing shunting. Ostium secundum atrial septal defect is a frequently encountered anomaly characterized by an incomplete cover of the ostium secundum by the septum secundum. This is due to either excessive absorption of the septum primum or insufficient growth of the septum secundum.

Ostium primum atrial septal defect is the result of incomplete fusion between the septum primum and the atrio-ventricular endocardial cushions. This malformation falls into the spectrum of the atrio-ventricular septal defects, but is intentionally briefly mentioned in this chapter. Sinus venosus superior or inferior defect...