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Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists
Instrumentation and Imaging Procedures, Volume I
Michael Ljungberg, Michael Ljungberg
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eBook - ePub
Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists
Instrumentation and Imaging Procedures, Volume I
Michael Ljungberg, Michael Ljungberg
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About This Book
This state-of-the-art handbook, the first in a series that provides medical physicists with a comprehensive overview into the field of nuclear medicine, is dedicated to instrumentation and imaging procedures in nuclear medicine. It provides a thorough treatment on the cutting-edge technologies being used within the field, in addition to touching upon the history of their use, their development, and looking ahead to future prospects.
This text will be an invaluable resource for libraries, institutions, and clinical and academic medical physicists searching for a complete account of what defines nuclear medicine.
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- The most comprehensive reference available providing a state-of-the-art overview of the field of nuclear medicine
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- Edited by a leader in the field, with contributions from a team of experienced medical physicists
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- Includes the latest practical research in the field, in addition to explaining fundamental theory and the field's history
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1 The History of Nuclear Medicine
Bo-Anders Jƶnsson
DOI: 10.1201/9780429489556-1
CONTENTS
- 1.11890ā1930: The Random Discoveries and Systematic Research
- 1.21930ā1950: Discovery, Production, and Development of Radionuclides
- 1.31950ā1970: First Imaging Apparatus and Radiopharmaceuticals
- 1.41970ā1990: Tomographic Techniques, Radioimmunology, and Dosimetry
- 1.51990ā2010: Improved Imaging by Multi-Modality Systems and Novel Molecular Imaging
- References
This chapter provides a historic overview, primarily in chronological order, of those milestones and pioneerās research which have been relevant and important for the development of nuclear medicine and todayās status. The content is not comprehensive, and a full review is beyond the purpose of this chapter. More detailed reviews are available elsewhere [1ā9] as well as articles referred to therein.
1.1 1890ā1930: THE RANDOM DISCOVERIES AND SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH
Although the discovery of X-rays on 8 November 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Rƶntgen (1845ā1923) is not directly associated with nuclear medicine, it is truly the starting point for using radiation in medicine. Both diagnostic and therapeutic use in medicine of the unknown radiation were applied shortly after the discovery. The first public radiographic exposure was demonstrated by Rƶntgen at a meeting of the WĆ¼rzburg Physical Medical Society on January 23, 1896 [10, 11].
A few months later, another unknown type of radiation was discovered. On 26 March 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852ā1908] accidentally discovered an unknown phenomenon when examining fluorescence from uranium salts. With the encouragement of his friend, Henri PoincarĆ©, Becquerel attempted to determine if the rays were of the same nature as Rƶntgenās X-rays; however, he observed that the emitted radiation from the uranium penetrated black paper and blackened a photographic plate without having to be exposed to light in advance [1, 2]. This unknown radiation was first termed as āBecquerel raysā, but its origin was established later by Paul Villard (1860ā1934) in 1900 while he was studying radium salts. Villardās radiation was named gamma rays in 1903 by Ernest Rutherford (1871ā1937).
Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867ā1934) and her husband Pierre Curie (1859ā1906) discovered the same type of penetrating radiation from uranium and named the phenomenon radioactivity in 1897. Furthermore, the Curie couple discovered the elements polonium (Z=84) and radium (Z=88), where 226Ra for many years became a frequently used āpanaceaā for various ailments, both in vivo and in vitro. Almost directly after these incredible discoveries, radiation from different constructed X-ray tubes and the gamma radiation from 226Ra were used for various medical applications as well as for enjoyment for some decades. In medicine, radium sources were used for brachytherapy or teletherapy for almost the entire twentieth century. Rƶntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901, while Becquerel and the Curie couple were the Nobel Laureates in Physics in 1903 (Figure 1.1). Other Nobel Laureates with special relevance to nuclear medicine are listed in Table 1.1.
Year | Laureate | Motivationa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Wilhelm Conrad Rƶntgen | āin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after himā | ||
1903 | Antoine Henri Becquerel | āin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivityā | ||
1903 | Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, neĆ© Sklodowska | āin recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerelā | ||
1906 | Joseph John Thomson | āin recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gasesā | ||
1908 | Ernest Rutherford | āfor his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substancesā | ||
1911 | Marie Curie, neĆ© Sklodowska | āin recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable elementā | ||
1921 | Albert Einstein | āfor his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effectā | ||
1921 | Frederick Soddy | āfor his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopesā | ||
1927 | Arthur Holly Compton | āfor his discovery of the effect named after himā | ||
1933 | Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac | āfor the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theoryā | ||
1935 | James Chadwick | āfor the discovery of the neutronā | ||
1935 | Frederic Joliot and Irene Joliot-Curie | āin recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elementsā | ||
1936 | Carl David Anderson | āfor his discovery of the positronā | ||
1937 | Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson | āfor their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystalsā | ||
1938 | Enrico Fermi | āfor his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutronsā | ||
1939 | Ernest Orlando Lawrence | āfor the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elementsā | ||
1943 | George de Hevesy | āfor his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processesā | ||
1944 | Otto Hahn | āfor his discovery of the fission of heavy nucleiā | ||
1948 | Patrick Blackett | āfor his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiationā. | ||
1951 | Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton | āfor their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particlesā | ||
1951 | Edwin Mattison, McMillan and Glenn Theodore Seaborg | āfor their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elementsā | ||
1977 | Rosalyn... |