21.
START WITH CHARACTERS OR START WITH PLOT?
In simple terms, there are two kinds of writing: the character-driven variety and the plot-driven variety. Character-driven writing is usually associated with literary fiction, and plot-driven writing with genre fiction (see section 3).
A good example of character-driven writing would be something like a Chekhov short story. A girl in a dacha wonders whether or not to get married. Nothing happens to her and then it ends (âLifeâs a birch and then you dieâ).
An example of plot-driven writing would be something like Goldfinger by Ian Fleming. A madman wishes to control the worldâs gold reserves and likes covering women with gold paint. Conflict, action, climax, post-coital cigarette.
However, even in a Chekhov story there is usually a plot of some sort. The characters may undergo some sort of internal, psychic change, which may have important consequences for what happens. Chekhovâs story âThe Black Monkâ follows the descent into madness of a young Russian professor, and charts the destruction he wreaks among those who love him. And in thrillers there are usually strong characters. In Goldfinger the characters are extremely memorable, even if they are caricatures.
So the distinction is largely a false one. Stephen King, a genre writer, said: âPlot is the good writerâs last resort and the dullardâs first choice.â An over-reliance on plot can produce something stilted which ultimately fails to grip even the most action-hungry reader.
The truth is that characters and plot are aspects of one another â like matter and energy. Henry James said: âWhat is character but the determination of incident? What is incident but the illumination of character?â In other words, the kind of people your characters are determines what they do (which becomes the plot); and how they react to the events of the plot reveals the kind of people they are (thus showing their character). Itâs a circle. The plot is impossible without the characters and the characters without the plot.
Feel free to consider your characters first or your plot first â just donât forget to consider both. Your readers will be expecting you to.
22.
DRAFT A âCHARACTER CVâ
Before you start writing, itâs useful to know as much as possible about each of your main characters. You can tabulate this information in the form of a âcharacter CVâ for each one.
You probably wonât use all the information you gather â in fact, you probably wonât use most of it â but it will help you nevertheless. For example, once youâve made it your business to find out everything you can, youâll find that your characters will only act in certain ways. They will resist being asked to act âout of characterâ. This is the fabled moment when the characters take over â but itâs a product of hard work and not of magic.
Youâll also find that new paths open up. For example, letâs say you give your character a more successful older sibling. What does this now mean, psychologically, for your character? He/she might now feel something of a family black sheep. This might influence their behaviour, and then conceivably influence the plot.
Consider the following areas:
⢠Your characterâs name (see section 35);
⢠Their appearance (eye colour, shape of nose, mouth, teeth, ears, hair and hairstyle, facial hair, body shape, height, any remarkable physical characteristics, gestures, own private feelings about their body, manner of speech);
⢠Their dress (general style of dress, lower body dress, upper body dress, shoes, jewellery, other);
⢠Their personal and social statistics (date of birth, age, nationality, place of birth, social class);
⢠Their family (their parents, living or dead, their parentsâ marital status, parentsâ occupation, step-parents if any, siblings if any, children if any, names and ages of children);
⢠Their education and work history (school, further education, job history, current job);
⢠Their relationships (sexuality, relationship history, relationship status, marital status, partnerâs name and other details, social life/friends);
⢠Their other personality characteristics (religion, politics, hobbies and interests, taste in art, taste in literature, taste in music, private fears, weaknesses, strengths, particular dislikes/phobias, particular likes/passions, health problems, general demeanour).
This will seem like hard work while youâre doing it. It may also feel slightly tangential, as if youâre not actually getting on with the real business of writing. But it is likely to be one of the best investments you will ever make in producing a novel.
23.
REDUCE YOUR CHARACTERS TO TIERS
It would be time-consuming and counter-productive to make up a CV for every character. Some characters are frankly unimportant. They exist only to move the plot on or act as a foil to the main character.
Itâs useful to think of characters in tiers, like a wedding cake. At the top tier is your main character or characters. Thereâs usually only room for one or two (see the next section). The reader spends a lot of time with the main characters and cares what happens to them. Events are often seen from their point of view. They develop and change. They are âroundâ rather than âflatâ (see section 25).
On the next level are the fully-fleshed out supporting cast. They also appear frequently in the story and have a close connection with the main character(s). We know a lot about them and empathize with them, and may see things from their point of view. But the novel is not quite their story.
On the third level are the minor characters. These are drawn in a few strokes and we donât feel particularly close to them. They could appear a few times but their story is not important: they can be left hanging there, their dilemmas and problems unresolved, when the novel finishes. We probably wonât see things from their point of view.
On the fourth level are characters mentioned only in passing: street musicians, bar-staff, librarians, those who may contribute something tangential to the plot but are never mentioned again. (There is nothing intrinsically minor about a librarian, naturally â but unless they scan your barcode with a particularly significant flourish they are likely to remain firmly in the background.)
24.
UNDERSTAND THE JOB OF THE MAIN CHARACTER
In a novel, itâs fair to say that the main character is everything. If the main character is boring or unconvincing, the novel will fail. If he is vivid and unique, the novel may succeed.
The main character will also tend to determine the degree of emotional investment the reader has in the novel. Readers want novels to move them (see section 84). This means that the main character should be sympathetic to some extent. He can have plenty of flaws â like Pechorin in Lermontovâs ironically-titled A Hero of Our Time, for example â but unless he is also in some way likable or admirable we are unlikely to make that emotional investment.
There will probably be only one main character in an average-sized novel â or two at the most. Any more and the sense of focus will dissipate. Itâs hard to move a plot forward when each of several characters must be given equal weight as a co-hero or co-heroine. There can be subsidiary characters too, of course â fully-fleshed-out ones, with many âmain-characterâ attributes â but the story is not theirs.
What are the attributes of a main character? PG Wodehouse said that their primary attribute was that they act. He wrote:
Wodehouse often thought of his characters as actors (he wrote dozens of musicals) and he had noticed that important actors would often walk out of a production if they thought their character wasnât given good enough lines. So he treated his fictional characters the same, as if they were prima donna actors: he pampered them, gave them good lines and made sure they were in the thick of the action.
Acting by itself isnât quite good enough however. It should be significant action. It should drive the plot forward. The main character should make choices that determine the way things develop. In this sense, main characters are in control, even if they donât realize it themselves.
A final attribute of the main character is to do with point of view (see section 69 onwards). The novel is their story, and the point of view will reflect that fact. We may even inhabit the main characterâs head for the whole novel.
25.
DEPLOY MINOR CHARACTERS
On the second tier of the cake we find the supporting cast, who have many of the same attributes of the main character(s) but do not primarily drive the action. And then on the third tier of the cake, we find the minor characters.
EM Forster in his Aspects of the Novel called these minor characters âflatâ characters, as distinct from âroundâ ones. âFlatâ characters are ones with just one or two traits. Think of the characters that swarm in Dickens. Would it have...