Innovative Bio-Based Technologies for Environmental Remediation

Pardeep Singh, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Mika Sillanpää, Pardeep Singh, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Mika Sillanpää

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Print ISBN:
  9780367436032
• Edition: 1
• eBook ISBN:
  9781000522051
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Innovative Bio-Based Technologies for Environmental Remediation explores the recent applications of both the latest and broad practical and theoretical aspects of environmental remediation with an aim to combine various innovation-based biotechnology for waste management, waste minimization, and waste to economy.

This book summarizes the recent progress of bio-based technologies for environmental remediation at both an experimental and a theoretical model level. An emphasis has been made on trends and the probable future of sustainable techniques to reduce waste and harmful compounds from the environment. Biological-based technologies have low operating costs and involve direct degradation of organic pollutants without the release of toxic intermediates. Recent applications covered in this book include process intensification in bio-based approaches, green technology, phytoremediation, biopolymers, biosurfactants for environmental applications, and other bio-based technologies with sustainable design and the future of remediation are also discussed.

This book is an important reference source for environmental scientists and engineers who are seeking to improve their understanding of how bio-based technologies are playing an increasingly important role in environmental remediation. It brings together recent innovations and practices of bio-based technologies for environmental remediation, outlines major bio-based technologies, and discusses biopolymers and biosurfactants for environmental management.

1 Bio-Based Technology for Environmental Management

Cevat Yaman and Ayse Burcu Yaman

Environmental Engineering Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

DOI: 10.1201/9781003004684-1

CONTENTS

1. 1.1 Phytoremediation
2. 1.1.1 Introduction
3. 1.1.2 Phytoremediation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Water
4. 1.1.3 Phytoremediation for Brownfield Redevelopment
5. 1.1.4 Phytoremediation for Heavy Metals
6. 1.1.5 Phytoremediation for Oil Contamination
7. 1.2 Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation
8. 1.2.1 Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation for Hydrocarbon Remediation
9. 1.2.2 Bioaugmentation for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
10. 1.2.3 Bioaugmentation for Composting
11. 1.3 Bioventing
12. 1.3.1 Designing Bioventing Systems
13. 2.3.1.1 Airflow Rate
14. 1.3.1.2 Soil Moisture
15. 1.3.1.3 Nutrients
16. 1.4 Biosparging
17. 1.4.1 Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Biosparging
18. 1.5 Composting
19. 1.5.1 Aerobic Composting
20. 1.5.1.1 Important parameters for composting
21. 1.5.2 Anaerobic Composting
22. 1.5.2.1 Wet Fermentation
23. 1.5.2.2 Dry Fermentation
24. 1.5.3 Microbiology of Composting
25. References

1.1 Phytoremediation

1.1.1 Introduction

Phytoremediation is defined as the use of plants for remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. The phytoremediation method is usually used to remediate inorganic and organic pollutants. Usually, the bioremediation of these pollutants takes place in the rhizosphere, which is also called the root zone. Inorganic contaminants are remediated by two mechanisms: phytostabilisation and phytoextraction. The phytostabilisation method, which is an eco-friendly alternative phytotechnology, includes the use of plants to stabilise the contaminated soil. In this method, contaminants, such as metals, are immobilised into a less soluble form, which makes the soil more productive. Phytoextraction, on the other hand, is the removal of inorganic pollutants by using the aboveground parts of the plants. If the upper portion of the plants is harvested, the pollutants are removed in concentrated form in the plant body. Municipal and industrial wastewater can be treated in constructed wetlands by using free-floating aquatic plant species and their associated microorganisms. Recently, some special fast-growing plants have been used in wastewater treatment. Specific plants can be used to extract and assimilate or decompose target organic contaminants. For instance, plant tissues are known to bioaccumulate heavy metals. Some inorganic contaminants, actually, are life-sustaining nutrients, which can be taken by the plant roots for growth. Furthermore, organic contaminants like PAHs and pesticides can also be removed by plants.

Phytoremediation has some advantages, which can be listed as convenient, low cost, suitability, aesthetic benefits, and minimum contaminant leaching. Operation of phytoremediation is also not costly as it involves only fertilisation and watering for growth. Additional operational costs will be from harvesting and disposing of plants polluted with heavy metals. One of the important disadvantages of phytoremediation is that it cannot extract and metabolise the pollutants found below rooting depth. The other disadvantage worth mentioning is that the removal of contaminants can take several years for certain contaminants to attain the desired concentrations. Some of the pollutants that can be remediated by phytoremediation are BTEX compounds, chlorinated contaminants, PAHs, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and heavy metals.

1.1.2 Phytoremediation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Water

The activities of mining are known to produce acidic water that has the potential to pollute nearby water bodies. This acid-containing water is called AMD. AMD is formed after contact between water and pyrite, which will result in producing acids (Blowes et al., 2003). AMD water with low pH contains sulfates, iron, and other metals. The negative impacts of AMD will vary depending on local conditions, geomorphology, and the extent of the AMD-generating deposits (Mang and Ntushelo, 2019). The use of lime, caustic soda, calcium carbonate, hydrated lime, and soda ash for AMD neutralisation will produce voluminous sludge, which will cause more problems (Fang et al., 2003).

Compared to other treatment methods, phytoextraction and phytostabilisation methods were found to be more economic for AMD treatment (Pilon-Smits, 2005). One of the major setbacks of phytoremediation is that they require specific plants and metals (Hasan et al., 2007; Rahman et al., 2007). Some of the species, such as Eichhornia crassipes, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Pistia stratiotes, can metabolise heavy metals and toxic metals from AMD. It was shown that Spirodela polyrhiza species were sensitive at low pH values in water environments that are similar to AMD (Cruz et al., 2019). Moreover, it was reported that E. crassipes is easily adapted to a low pH environment, as shown in Figure 1.1. Table 1.1 summarises the bioremediation potentials of plants for AMD.

Figure 1.1 Toxicity of AMD in aquatic floating macrophytes. (A–B, E. crassipes; C–D, P. stratiotes; E–F, S. polyrhiza; Cruz et al., 2019).

...

Table 1.1 List of plant species for phytoextraction and phytostabilisation of metals in AMD (Mang and Ntushelo, 2019)

Plant Species	Family	Remediation Method	References
Chrysopogon zizanioides	Poaceae	Phytoextraction	(Melato et al., 2016)
Brassica juncea	Brassicaceae	Phytoextraction	(Blaylock et al., 1997; Begonia et al., 1998; Liang Zhu et al., 1999)
Eichhornia crassipes	Pontederiaceae	Phytoextraction	(Cruz et al., 2019; H., M., M. N., and A.F.F. F., 2011)
Waltheria indica	Malvaceae	Phytoextraction	(Rajakaruna and Bohm, 2002)
Cassia kleinii	Fabaceae	Phytoextraction	(Rajakaruna and Bohm, 2002; M., I.M.C. et al., 2006)
Thlaspi caerulescens	Brassicaceae	Phyotextraction	(Baker et al., 1994; Zhao et al., 2003)
Seberita acuminata	Sapotaceae

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Editors
• Contributors
• 1 Bio-Based Technology for Environmental Management
• 2 Advances in Biotechnology for the Bioremediation of Contaminated Ecosystem
• 3 Bioremediation: Tools and Techniques for Wastewater Reclamation
• 4 Aquatic Plants Biosorbents for Remediation in the Case of Water Pollution as Future Prospectives
• 5 Biobased Technologies for Remediation: Green Technology for Environmental CleanUp
• 6 Process Intensification in Bio-Based Approaches for Environmental Remediation
• 7 Bio-Based Technologies and Combination of Other Technologies
• 8 Low-cost Bioremediation Technologies for Transforming Waste to Wealth
• 9 Phytoremediation: An Eco-friendly, Sustainable Solution for Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution
• 10 Phytoremediation: Importance and General Mechanisms
• 11 Phytoremediation Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Removal: A Step Towards a Green and Sustainable Environment
• 12 Phytoremediation: A Sustainable Technology for Pollution Control and Environmental Cleanup
• 13 Nanophytoremediation: A Promising Strategy for the Management of Environmental Contaminants
• 14 Approaches of Overproduction and Purification of Pleurotus Laccase for the Treatment of Sugarcane Vinasse
• 15 Enhanced CO2 Assimilation by Engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• 16 Role of Biopolymers in Development of Sustainable Remediation Technologies
• 17 Nanocatalyst Synthesis by the Green Route: Mechanism and Application
• 18 Bio-Based Polymeric Material for Environmental Remediation
• 19 Cyanide: Sources, Health Issues, and Remediation Methods
• 20 Biosurfactant: An Alternative Towards Sustainability
• Index