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Solid State Chemistry and its Applications
Anthony R. West
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eBook - ePub
Solid State Chemistry and its Applications
Anthony R. West
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About This Book
SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
A comprehensive treatment of solid state chemistry complete with supplementary material and full colour illustrations from a leading expert in the field.
Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, Second Edition delivers an advanced version of West's classic text in solid state chemistry, expanding on the undergraduate Student Edition to present a comprehensive treatment of solid state chemistry suitable for advanced students and researchers. The book provides the reader with an up-to-date account of essential topics in solid state chemistry and recent developments in this rapidly developing field of inorganic chemistry.
Significant updates and new content in this second edition include:
- A more extensive overview of important families of inorganic solids including spinels, perovskites, pyrochlores, garnets, Ruddlesden-Popper phases and many more
- New methods to synthesise inorganic solids, including sol-gel methods, combustion synthesis, atomic layer deposition, spray pyrolysis and microwave techniques
- Advances in electron microscopy, X-ray and electron spectroscopies
- New developments in electrical properties of materials, including high Tc superconductivity, lithium batteries, solid oxide fuel cells and smart windows
- Recent developments in optical properties, including fibre optics, solar cells and transparent conducting oxides
- Advances in magnetic properties including magnetoresistance and multiferroic materials
- Homogeneous and heterogeneous ceramics, characterization using impedance spectroscopy
- Thermoelectric materials, MXenes, low dimensional structures, memristors and many other functional materials
- Expanded coverage of glass, including metallic and fluoride glasses, cement and concrete, geopolymers, refractories and structural ceramics
- Overview of binary oxides of all the elements, their structures, properties and applications
Featuring full color illustrations throughout, readers will also benefit from online supplementary materials including access to CrystalMaker Âź software and over 100 interactive crystal structure models.
Perfect for advanced students seeking a detailed treatment of solid state chemistry, this new edition of Solid State Chemistry and its Applications will also earn a place as a desk reference in the libraries of experienced researchers in chemistry, crystallography, physics, and materials science.
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1
Crystal Structures, Crystal Chemistry, Symmetry and Space Groups
Solid state chemistry is concerned mainly with crystalline inorganic materials, their synthesis, structures, properties and applications. A good place to begin is with crystal structures and crystal chemistry. All necessary crystal structure information is contained in data on unit cells, their dimensions and the positions or atomic coordinates of atoms inside the unit cell. Crystal chemistry combines this basic structural information with information about the elements, their principal oxidation states, ionic radii, coordination requirements and preferences for ionic/covalent/metallic bonding. A working knowledge of the Periodic Table and the properties of elements is, of course, invaluable to be able appreciate crystal chemistry, but conversely, knowledge of crystal structures and especially crystal chemistry provides a very useful way to gain increased understanding of the elements and their compounds.
Many of the properties and applications of crystalline inorganic materials revolve around a surprisingly small number of structure types. In this chapter, the main families of inorganic structures are reviewed, especially those which have interesting properties; more details of the vast array of structures may be found in the encyclopaedic text by Wells and also in the Wyckoff Crystal Structures book series. First, however, we must consider some basic concepts of crystallography.
1.1 Unit Cells and Crystal Systems
Crystals are built up of regular arrangements of atoms in three dimensions; these arrangements can be represented by a repeat unit or motif called the unit cell. The unit cell is defined as the smallest repeating unit which shows the full symmetry of the crystal structure. Let us see exactly what this means, first in two dimensions. A section through the NaCl structure is shown in Fig. 1.1(a); possible repeat units are given in (b) to (e). In each, the repeat unit is a square and adjacent squares share edges and corners. Adjacent squares are identical, as they must be by definition; thus, all the squares in (b) have Clâ ions at their corners and centres. The repeat units in (b), (c) and (d) are all of the same size and, in fact, differ only in their relative position. The choice of origin of the repeat unit is to some extent a matter of personal taste, even though its size, shape and orientation are fixed. The repeat unit of NaCl is usually chosen as (b) or (c) rather than (d) because it is easier to draw and visualise the structure as a whole if the repeat unit contains atoms or ions at special positions such as corners and edge centres. A...