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Society 5.0 and the Future of Emerging Computational Technologies
Practical Solutions, Examples, and Case Studies
Neeraj Mohan, Surbhi Gupta, Chuan-Ming Liu, Neeraj Mohan, Surbhi Gupta, Chuan-Ming Liu
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eBook - ePub
Society 5.0 and the Future of Emerging Computational Technologies
Practical Solutions, Examples, and Case Studies
Neeraj Mohan, Surbhi Gupta, Chuan-Ming Liu, Neeraj Mohan, Surbhi Gupta, Chuan-Ming Liu
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About This Book
This book discusses the technological aspects for the implementation of Society 5.0. The foundation and recent advances of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, data science, Internet of Things, and Big Data for the realization of Society 5.0 are covered. Practical solutions to existing problems, examples, and case studies are also offered.
Society 5.0 and the Future of Emerging Computational Technologies: Practical Solutions, Examples, and Case Studies discusses technologies such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things for the implementation of Society 5.0. It offers a firm foundation and understanding of the recent advancements in various domains such as data analytics, neural networks, computer vision, and robotics, along with practical solutions to existing problems in fields such as healthcare, manufacturing industries, security, and infrastructure management. Applications and implementations are highlighted along with the correlation between technologies. Examples and case studies are presented throughout the book to augment text.
This book can be used by research scholars in the engineering domain who wish to gain knowledge and contribute towards a modern and secure future society. The book will also be useful as a reference at universities for postgraduate students who are interested in technological advancements.
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1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Level Monitoring and Leakage Detection Using Internet of Things
DOI: 10.1201/9781003184140-1
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Related Work
1.3 Methodology
1.3.1 Process Flow Chart
1.3.2 Hardware Description
1.3.2.1 Raspberry Pi
1.3.2.2 GSM Module
1.3.2.3 Load Cell
1.3.2.4 MQ6 Sensor
1.4 Implementation
1.5 Results
1.6 Conclusion & Future Work
References
1.1 Introduction
In 1910, Dr. Walter Snelling invented liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). LPG is produced by the combination of commercial butane and commercial propane. It includes both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. As LPG has a flexible nature, it can be used for a variety of purposes, like domestic fuel, industrial fuel, motor fuel, residential heating, hot water systems and in agriculture. Because of its versatile nature, demand for the gas is increasing day by day. For cooking purposes, LPG is used as a standard fuel in India and other countries for convenience and economic reasons. In 2016, almost 8.9 million tonnes of LPG were utilized for cooking in a period of six months. A recent survey shows that due to the COVID-19 situation in India, LPG consumption increased rapidly in 2019 and 2020. India has become the worldâs second-largest consumer of LPG.
In 2019, India imported 14.538 million megatonnes of LPG, up 19.22% on the year, as requirement surpassed production. Consumption of LPG in 2019 was 26.944 million megatonnes, up 7.93% on the year, while production over the same year grew at a slower pace of 0.28%, to 12.77 million megatonnes.
Great interest in emerging technology comes from a competitive advantage, a point of view and a point of social need. Emerging technologies are helping to solve the toughest problems of the 21st century, including questions regarding water, health, energy and food environmental concerns. Many people from developed and developing countries alike seek to embrace emerging technologies as a solution to the problem. They fear the continued use of traditional technologies, which often create or contribute to the challenges facing the world today. Emerging technology can be a solution in the field of LPG monitoring.
In India, there are many monitoring systems that check the daily usage of petroleum products, but there is no efficient system that measures the domestic usage of LPG. This has given the motivation of building a system that could monitor the usage of LPG and intimate the user to book a new cylinder when it is about to get empty.
In the existing system, LPG users cannot predict the usage of the cylinder. They get to know that the cylinder is empty only when the flame goes off. The situation becomes difficult if the customer doesnât have an extra cylinder. To measure the natural gas or methane, the volume is calculated in cubic meters or cubic feet. At home, LPG gas is measured in terms of kilograms. The LPG gas in the gas bottles is weighed to check the weight of the gas. While producing or transporting, gas is measured in terms of tonnes, such as 1,000 kg or 2,000 kg, etc. Home LPG can be measured in liters while delivering using the tanker truck. In general, LPG is measured and sold in kilograms. Different sizes of LPG bottles are available, but gas is commonly measured in 45kg bottles. Due to the increase in the number of LPG users, there is an increase in the demand for LPG. Factors such as awareness of the usage of LPG cylinder and the provision for providing subsidies by the governments have increased the demand for LPG in India. This has ceased the usage of wood and its by-products, which, in turn, reduces the greenhouse effect. The low cost of LPG has also led to its adoption. Figure 1.1 shows the LPG coverage from April 2014 to April 2019.
One more problem of LPG is supply and demand. Due to the increase in demand, supply also needs to be increased. Many LPG providers are still encountering a delivery backlog to bulk LPG customers. This is due to issues with supply from LPG terminals in the winter and early spring which were then exacerbated by extreme weather conditions experienced across the country.
When the demand for cylinders increases, there will, in turn, be a delay in the supply of cylinders, which is one of the major consumer complaints: that cylinders are not delivered on time. In India, there are systems that monitor the consumption of petroleum products, but there are no proper techniques that monitor the usage of LPG.
In several scenarios, we have seen that leakage of LPG has caused severe threats to the people and also to the society. So, an efficient system is needed to detect the leakage of the gas. Apart from the safety problems, it is very difficult to monitor the remaining quantity of gas in the gas cylinders. Therefore, the system proposes reliable gas-leakage detection and monitoring the amount of gas present in the cylinder.
In the proposed system, when the cylinder is almost empty, an alert message is triggered to the consumerâs mobile device via SMS. The undetermined usage of the LPG can be easily monitored so that the problem of supply and demand can be minimized. This brings transparency to the process of monitoring LPG. The proposed system has been developed to create awareness regarding the reduction in the weight of the gas in the gas container. The gas weight reduction is measured using a weight sensor, which is interfaced with Raspberry Pi. The proposed system measures and displays the level of LPG and can be employed for domestic purposes. It is an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system in which a weight sensor is used to monitor the level of LPG. The main objective of the proposed system is to monitor the gas level in the LPG cylinder from the beginning stage. Monitoring is done at the time of delivery from the distributor until the cylinder becomes empty. The weight of the cylinder is compared with certain threshold weights at regular intervals, and when the weight of the cylinder goes below the threshold value, it sends a message to the user to book the delivery of a new cylinder.
1.2 Related Work
A system that performs automatic LPG booking, gas leakage detection and measurement of real-time gas levels in the cylinder, makes use of ATMega16A as a microcontroller, GSM module (SIMCOM-300), a gas sensor (MQ6) to detect leakages in LPG cylinders, a weight sensor to detect the weight of the cylinder, an LCD display to display weight and an exhaust fan. The objective of this work is to detect LPG leakages. It also has an additional feature of automatic gas booking. The system sends respective alert messages to the user (B. D. Jolhe et. al., 2013).
The monitoring and controlling system for LPG leakage detection uses ATMega328p-16bit as a microcontroller, GSM module (SIMCOM-300), a gas sensor (MQ6) to detect leakages in LPG cylinders, a weight sensor to detect cylinder weight, an LCD display to display the weight, a DC motor to control the knob of the cylinder and a level sensor to detect the LPG level in the cylinder. The objective of this system is to detect LPG leakages. It also has an additional feature of automatic gas booking. The system sends respective alert messages to the user by making use of an alarm module (Soundarya and Anchitaalagammai, 2014)
The LPG gas-monitoring system uses a 16F877A microcontroller, GSM module (SIMCOM-300), a gas sensor (MQ6) to detect leakages in LPG cylinders, a weight sensor to detect cylinder weight and an LCD display to display the weight. The work detects LPG leakages. It has an automatic gas booking feature. The system sends respective alert messages to the user by alarm module. The system uses cost-efficient sensors compared to gas detectors (Arun Raj et. al., 2015)
The system with WSN, GSM and embedded web server architecture that monitors internet-based kitchens, uses ARM1176JZF-S as a microprocessor, GSM module, a gas sensor (MQ6) to detect leakages in LPG cylinders, a weight sensor to detect the weight of the cylinder, a temperature sensor (DS1820) to monitor temperature, a light sensor for detecting the presence of light in the kitchen, a motion sensor to monitor movement in the kitchen, a fire sensor to detect explosions and an LCD display to display the weight. The goal of this system is to monitor the entire kitchen using various sensors. The system is implemented with an embedded web server and also a Zigbee network to monitor the system remotely (Sahani et. al., 2015).
A smart IoT system to monitor gas levels, book gas cylinders and detect gas leakages makes use of a microcontroller and ARM processor, RF TX & RX modules to send alert messages using GSM technique, a gas sensor (MQ2) to detect leakages in LPG cylinders, a load cell to detect the weight of the cylinder, a temperature sensor (LM-35) to monitor temperature, a buzzer that is activated during LPG leakages and a siren (60db) that is triggered when there are any changes in any of the sensors. The main purpose of this work is to detect LPG leakages. The system sends respective alert messages to the user by Wi-Fi (Keshamoni and Hemanth, 2017).
A smart LPG monitoring and detection technique with NodeMCU to notifies people about gas leakages using different techniques, such as buzzers, SMS alerts and web servers. The purpose of this work is to monitor gas leakages (Mahfuz et. al., 2020).
An IoT gas management system used for gas cylinders detects gas leakages and sends SMS alerts to the user. It is also capable of booking a cylinder automatically when it is empty (Shrestha et. al., 2019).
An IoT system using an MQ6 sensor detects the level of the gas in the cylinder and auto...