Eritrean refugees are being trafficked and enslaved in Libya, where they are tortured to force relatives to pay a ransom for their release. Labelled with a digital code, they are moved along in the possession of the traffickers through a series of ?black holes?, in which their access to digital technologies and connectivity is highly controlled. They are tortured, abused, extorted and subjected to sexual violence. Many die along the way. If they make it to the Mediterranean Sea, they risk being intercepted and returned to Libya or dying at sea. Over the period of this study (2017?21), it is conservatively estimated that at least 200,000 men, women and children have fallen victim to human trafficking for ransom in Libya, and the cumulative value of this trade for that period is estimated at over 1 billion USD. This detailed ethnographic study identifies the routes, modus operandi, organisation, and key actors involved in the human trafficking for ransom of refugees and migrants, who are desperately in need of protection. The book is part of the GAIC Research Network and African studies series published by Langaa RPCIG and makes an important contribution to the literature on human trafficking, migration studies, African studies, modern slavery, social protection and governance.

Frequently asked questions

Yes, you can cancel anytime from the Subscription tab in your account settings on the Perlego website. Your subscription will stay active until the end of your current billing period. Learn how to cancel your subscription.

At the moment all of our mobile-responsive ePub books are available to download via the app. Most of our PDFs are also available to download and we're working on making the final remaining ones downloadable now. Learn more here.

Perlego offers two plans: Essential and Complete

Essential is ideal for learners and professionals who enjoy exploring a wide range of subjects. Access the Essential Library with 800,000+ trusted titles and best-sellers across business, personal growth, and the humanities. Includes unlimited reading time and Standard Read Aloud voice.
Complete: Perfect for advanced learners and researchers needing full, unrestricted access. Unlock 1.4M+ books across hundreds of subjects, including academic and specialized titles. The Complete Plan also includes advanced features like Premium Read Aloud and Research Assistant.

Both plans are available with monthly, semester, or annual billing cycles.

We are an online textbook subscription service, where you can get access to an entire online library for less than the price of a single book per month. With over 1 million books across 1000+ topics, we’ve got you covered! Learn more here.

Look out for the read-aloud symbol on your next book to see if you can listen to it. The read-aloud tool reads text aloud for you, highlighting the text as it is being read. You can pause it, speed it up and slow it down. Learn more here.

Yes! You can use the Perlego app on both iOS or Android devices to read anytime, anywhere — even offline. Perfect for commutes or when you’re on the go.
Please note we cannot support devices running on iOS 13 and Android 7 or earlier. Learn more about using the app.

Yes, you can access Enslaved by Mirjam Van Reisen, Mirjam Van Reisen,Klara Mawere, Mirjam Van Reisen, Klara Mawere in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in History & African History. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.

Information

Publisher

Year

Print ISBN

eBook ISBN

Edition

Topic

History

Subtopic

African History

Index

History

Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Book Series: Connected and Mobile: Migration and Human Trafficking in Africa
Preface by Honourable Chief Fortune Charumbira
Contents
Acknowledgements
Acronyms
Glossary of Terms
Chapter 1 - Human Trafficking for Ransom in Black Holes in the Digital Landscape: An Introduction
Chapter 2 - Living in a Black Hole: Explaining Human Trafficking for Ransom in Migration
Chapter 3 - Skin in the Game: Methodology of an Ethnographic Research with Exposure to Trauma
Chapter 4 - Human Trafficking for Ransom: A Literature-Review
Chapter 5 - The Past is not Past: The History and Context of Human Trafficking for Ransom in Libya
Chapter 6 - Enslaved by their Own Government: Indefinite National Service in Eritrea
Chapter 7 - Escaping Eritrea: The Vulnerability of Eritreans to Human Trafficking
Chapter 8 - TRUST Works: Delivering Trauma Recovery Understanding Self-Help Therapy (TRUST) to Refugees from Eritrea
Chapter 9 - Deceived and Exploited: Classifying the Practice as Human Trafficking
Chapter 10 - Straight Lines in the Sahara: Mapping the Human Trafficking Routes and Hubs through Libya
Chapter 11 - “You are the Ball – They are the Players”: The Human Traffickers of Eritreans in Libya
Chapter 12 - Living Skeletons: The Spread of Human Trafficking for Ransom to Libya
Chapter 13 - Hell on Earth: Conditions of Eritrean Refugees in Official Detention Centres in Libya
Chapter 14 - “Dead-dead”: Trapped in the Human Trafficking Cycle in Libya
Chapter 15 - “We had no Choice; it’s Part of the Journey”: A Culture of Sexual Violence in Libya
Chapter 16 - “Gate Closed”: The Situation in Libya during COVID-19
Chapter 17 - Active Agency, Access and Power: Social Media and Eritrean Refugees in Libya
About the Authors
Back cover

About this book

Frequently asked questions

Information

Table of contents