The Bees of the World
eBook - ePub

The Bees of the World

  1. English
  2. ePUB (mobile friendly)
  3. Available on iOS & Android
eBook - ePub

The Bees of the World

About this book

In this extensive update of his definitive reference, Charles D. Michener reveals a diverse fauna that numbers more than 17, 000 species and ranges from the common honeybee to rare bees that feed on the pollen of a single type of plant. With many new facts, reclassifications, and revisions, the second edition of The Bees of the World provides the most comprehensive treatment of the 1, 200 genera and subgenera of the Apiformes. Included are hundreds of updated citations to work published since the appearance of the first edition and a new set of plates of fossil bees.

The book begins with extensive introductory sections that include bee evolution, classification of the various bee families, the coevolution of bees and flowering plants, nesting behavior, differences between solitary and social bees, and the anatomy of these amazing insects. Drawing on modern studies and evidence from the fossil record, Michener reveals what the ancestral bee—the protobee—might have looked like. He also cites the major literature on bee biology and describes the need for further research on the systematics and natural history of bees, including their importance as pollinators of crops and natural vegetation. The greater part of the work consists of an unprecedented treatment of bee systematics, with keys for identification to the subgenus level. For each genus and subgenus, Michener includes a brief natural history describing geographical range, number of species, and noteworthy information pertaining to nesting or floral biology.

The book is beautifully illustrated with more than 500 drawings and photographs that depict behavior, detailed morphology, and ecology. Accented with color plates of select bees, The Bees of the World will continue to be the world's best reference on these diverse insects.

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Yes, you can access The Bees of the World by Charles D. Michener in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Biological Sciences & Biology. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. Preface to the Second Edition
  7. Preface to the First Edition
  8. Abbreviations
  9. 1. About Bees and This Book
  10. 2. What Are Bees?
  11. 3. The Importance of Bees
  12. 4. Development and Reproduction
  13. 5. Solitary versus Social Life
  14. 6. Floral Relationships of Bees
  15. 7. Nests and Food Storage
  16. 8. Parasitic and Robber Bees
  17. 9. Body Form, Tagmata, and Sex Differences
  18. 10. Structures and Anatomical Terminology of Adults
  19. 11. Structures and Terminology of Immature Stages
  20. 12. Bees and Sphecoid Wasps as a Clade
  21. 13. Bees as a Monophyletic Group
  22. 14. The Origin of Bees from Wasps
  23. 15. Classification of the Bee-Sphecoid Clade
  24. 16. Bee Taxa and Categories
  25. 17. Methods of Classification
  26. 18. The History of Bee Classifications
  27. 19. Short-Tongued versus Long-Tongued Bees
  28. 20. Family-Level Phylogeny and the Proto-Bee
  29. 21. The Higher Classification of Bees
  30. 22. Fossil Bees
  31. 23. The Geological History of Bees
  32. 24. Diversity and Abundance
  33. 25. Dispersal
  34. 26. Biogeography
  35. 27. Reduction or Loss of Structures
  36. 28. New and Modified Structures
  37. 29. Family-Group Names
  38. 30. Explanation of Taxonomic Accounts in Sections 36 to 121
  39. 31. Some Problematic Taxa
  40. 32. The Identification of Bees
  41. 33. Key to the Families, Based on Adults
  42. 34. Notes on Certain Couplets in the Key to Families (Section 33)
  43. 35. Practical Key to Family-Group Taxa, Based on Females
  44. 36. Family Stenotritidae
  45. 37. Family Colletidae
  46. 38. Subfamily Colletinae
  47. 39. Tribe Paracolletini
  48. 40. Tribe Colletini
  49. 41. Tribe Scraptrini
  50. 42. Subfamily Diphaglossinae
  51. 43. Tribe Caupolicanini
  52. 44. Tribe Diphaglossini
  53. 45. Tribe Dissoglottini
  54. 46. Subfamily Xeromelissinae
  55. 47. Subfamily Hylaeinae
  56. 48. Subfamily Euryglossinae
  57. 49. Family Andrenidae
  58. 50. Subfamily Alocandreninae
  59. 51. Subfamily Andreninae
  60. 52. Subfamily Panurginae
  61. 53. Tribe Protandrenini
  62. 54. Tribe Panurgini
  63. 55. Tribe Nolanomelissini
  64. 56. Tribe Melitturgini
  65. 57. Tribe Protomeliturgini
  66. 58. Tribe Perditini
  67. 59. Tribe Calliopsini
  68. 60. Subfamily Oxaeinae
  69. 61. Family Halictidae
  70. 62. Subfamily Rophitinae
  71. 63. Subfamily Nomiinae
  72. 64. Subfamily Nomioidinae
  73. 65. Subfamily Halictinae
  74. 66. Tribe Halictini
  75. 67. Tribe Augochlorini
  76. 68. Family Melittidae
  77. 69. Subfamily Dasypodainae
  78. 70. Tribe Dasypodaini
  79. 71. Tribe Promelittini
  80. 72. Tribe Sambini
  81. 73. Subfamily Meganomiinae
  82. 74. Subfamily Melittinae
  83. 75. Family Megachilidae
  84. 76. Subfamily Fideliinae
  85. 77. Tribe Pararhophitini
  86. 78. Tribe Fideliini
  87. 79. Subfamily Megachilinae
  88. 80. Tribe Lithurgini
  89. 81. Tribe Osmiini
  90. 82. Tribe Anthidiini
  91. 83. Tribe Dioxyini
  92. 84. Tribe Megachilini
  93. 85. Family Apidae
  94. 86. Subfamily Xylocopinae
  95. 87. Tribe Manueliini
  96. 88. Tribe Xylocopini
  97. 89. Tribe Ceratinini
  98. 90. Tribe Allodapini
  99. 91. Subfamily Nomadinae
  100. 92. Tribe Hexepeolini
  101. 93. Tribe Brachynomadini
  102. 94. Tribe Nomadini
  103. 95. Tribe Epeolini
  104. 96. Tribe Ammobatoidini
  105. 97. Tribe Biastini
  106. 98. Tribe Townsendiellini
  107. 99. Tribe Neolarrini
  108. 100. Tribe Ammobatini
  109. 101. Tribe Caenoprosopidini
  110. 102. Subfamily Apinae
  111. 103. Tribe Isepeolini
  112. 104. Tribe Osirini
  113. 105. Tribe Protepeolini
  114. 106. Tribe Exomalopsini
  115. 107. Tribe Ancylini
  116. 108. Tribe Tapinotaspidini
  117. 109. Tribe Tetrapediini
  118. 110. Tribe Ctenoplectrini
  119. 111. Tribe Emphorini
  120. 112. Tribe Eucerini
  121. 113. Tribe Anthophorini
  122. 114. Tribe Centridini
  123. 115. Tribe Rhathymini
  124. 116. Tribe Ericrocidini
  125. 117. Tribe Melectini
  126. 118. Tribe Euglossini
  127. 119. Tribe Bombini
  128. 120. Tribe Meliponini
  129. 121. Tribe Apini
  130. Literature Cited
  131. Addenda
  132. Index of Terms