China’s Naval Operations in the South China Sea

Evaluating Legal, Strategic and Military Factors

Bruce Elleman

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2025
• eBook ISBN:
  9781040794326
• Topic: Politics & International Relations
• Index: Politics & International Relations

This book provides a history of the South China Sea conflict and lays out the stakes for each of the bordering states and China's interaction with them – namely, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Indonesia; it also examines the U.S. government's role in the region. China's Naval Operations in the South China Sea is highly topical; it examines the evolving perception of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) of the South China Sea (SCS), and Beijing's accompanying maritime strategy to claim the islands and waters, particularly in the context of the strategies of the neighbouring stake-holding nations. In addition to long-standing territorial disputes over the islands and waters of the SCS, China and the other littoral states — Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Indonesia — have growing and often mutually exclusive interests in the offshore energy reserves and fishing grounds. Many other countries outside of the region worry about the protection of sea lines of communication for military and commercial traffic, oil tankers in particular. These differences have been expressed in the increasing frequency and intensity of maritime incidents, involving both naval and civilian vessels, sometimes working in coordination against naval or civilian targets. Each chapter on the littoral states closely examines that state's territorial claims to the islands and waters of the SCS, its primary economic and military interests in these areas, its views on the sovereignty disputes over the entire SCS, its strategy to achieve its objectives, and its views on the U.S. involvement in any and all of these issues.|Here is a history of the South China Sea (SCS) conflict and the stakes for each of the bordering states and China's (PRC) interaction with them. it examines the US's role in the region. It examines the PRC's perception of the SCS, and its strategy to claim the islands and waters, in the context of the strategies of other stake-holding nations.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Maps and Graph
• Acronyms
• Introduction: Evaluating China’s Maritime Strategy in the South China Sea
• 1. The Early History of the South China Sea Disputes
• 2. China’s Maritime Territorial Disputes with Vietnam
• 3. China’s Spratly-KIG Maritime Dispute with the Philippines
• 4. China’s Continental Shelf Dispute with Malaysia
• 5. China’s Energy Resources Dispute with Brunei
• 6. China’s Natuna Island Fishing Dispute with Indonesia
• 7. China’s Sovereignty Disputes with Taiwan
• 8. The United States as the South China Sea Maritime Arbiter
• Conclusions: China’s Contemporary and Future Maritime Strategy in the SCS
• Appendix A: Timeline
• Supporting Documents
• Document 2: Cairo Declaration, 1 December 1943
• Document 3: Potsdam Proclamation, 26 July 1945
• Document 4: Treaty of Peace with Japan, 8 September 1951
• Document 5: Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan, 28 April 1952
• Document 6: U.S.-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 2 December 1954 (ratified 3 March 1955) (Terminated by the United States in 1980)
• Document 7: The US Congress Formosa Resolution (1955)
• Document 8: Declaration on China’s Territorial Seas, 4 September 1958
• Document 9: Prime Minister Pham Van Dong’s Letter, 14 September 1958
• Document 10: Shanghai Communiqué, 28 February 1972
• Document 11: Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America, 16 December 1978
• Document 12: Taiwan Relations Act, 10 April 1979
• Document 13: Joint Communiqué of the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China, 17 August 1982
• Document 14: Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 25 February 1992
• Document 15: 1992 Asean Declaration on the South China Sea, 22 July 1992
• Document 16: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, PART V, Exclusive Economic Zone, In force since 14 November 1994
• Document 17: A concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress regarding missile tests and military exercises by the People’s Republic of China, 21 March 1996.
• Document 18: Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of the PRC, 26 June 1998
• Document 19: 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, 4 November 2002
• Document 20: Anti-Secession Law adopted by NPC, 14 March 2005
• Document 21: Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, 29 June 2010
• Document 22: In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration, 12 July 2016
• Selected Bibliography
• Index