The Ends of Human Life

Indian and Chinese Perspectives

Rajeev Bhargava, Roger T. Ames

• Publisher: Bloomsbury India
• Year: 2026
• Edition: 1
• eBook ISBN:
  9789361311239
• Topic: Philosophy
• Subtopic: Eastern Philosophy

This volume brings into dialogue key texts from early and late Vedic, Early Buddhist, Confucian, and Bhakti traditions, each addressing fundamental questions concerning the aims and conditions of human life. Through a close engagement with these diverse yet philosophically rich traditions, the essays in this collection examine six interrelated questions central to the human quest for meaning, fulfillment, and ethical orientation.
The first concerns the ends of human life: from material prosperity, aesthetic delight, and social recognition to moral rectitude, spiritual devotion, and contemplative knowledge. The volume probes how these ends are articulated, ordered, and interpreted within and across traditions. Are these ends discrete or interdependent? Can they coexist harmoniously, or are they marked by tension and hierarchy-perhaps culminating in a single, highest good?
A third area of inquiry relates to the practices and modes of life required to realize these ends-what virtues must be cultivated, and which vices eschewed? Fourth, the volume interrogates whether these ends are universally accessible or specific to particular social groups or stages of life. Fifth, it explores the implications of dependence, freedom, and social structure in the pursuit of these goods. Lastly, the volume considers the institutional and political arrangements best suited to enable or constrain the realization of diverse life ideals.
By drawing connections between classical sources and contemporary concerns, this interdisciplinary collection offers both a historically grounded and philosophically nuanced contribution to ongoing reflections on the good life.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Halftitle Page
• Dedication Page
• Title Page
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• 1 Fame, Ambition and Selflessness in Indian Moral Discourse
• 2 Confucian Way-Making (dao 道) and the Trivarga: A Rationalizing of ‘the Ends of Life’ or the Aesthetic of Exemplary Lives Lived?
• 3 The Sequential Problem of the Eight Human Aims in the Great Learning
• 4 The Fifth Puruṣārtha: Bhakti as The End of Life
• 5 Puruṣārthas and the Art of Human Seeking
• 6 Dialogue and Dharma in the Mahabharata: The Case of Draupadī’s Marriage
• 7 in Transition and a Disenchanted World: The Mahabharata, , and
• 8 Understanding Kāma in an Early Upanishadic Dialogue
• 9 Riders in the Chariot: Self-cultivation as a Means for Attaining Happiness, Heaven and Nirvāṇa in Early Buddhism
• 10 The Great Good of Relationship and Its Troubles
• 11 Unveiling of Consciousness – Kāvya as a Vehicle of Puruṣārtha
• References
• About the Editors and Contributors
• Index
• Imprint